Lecture 9 - Web Scraping and APIs

Overview

In this lecture, we introduce basic web scraping and API usage to obtain data.

References

This lecture contains material from:

R for Data Science (2e) (2023), Wickham et al.
Data Science: A First Introduction with Python (2022) Timbers et al.
P8105 Data Science, Jeff Goldsmith, Columbia
Pierre Bellec’s MSDS597 Course

Introduction

Broadly speaking, there are two major paths to reading data from the web

Web scraping: there is data on a webpage, and you want to “scrape” these data
APIs: there is a dedicated server holding data and you want to ask for these data

What is web scraping?

When you type a URL into your browser window, your browser sends a HTTP request to the web server (another computer on the internet whose job it is to respond to requests for the website) to ask for the website’s data. The web server provides the data (e.g. HTML files) which your browser translates into the website you see.

HTML Review — Garret Grolemund “Extracting data from the web”

Web scraping is the process of taking information from a website display. Instead of viewing the website data in a browser, we can collect HTML (hypertext markup language) and CSS (cascading style sheet) code and process it to extract the information we want.

HTML provides the basic structure of a site and tells the browser how to diplay content (eg. titles, tables)
CSS styles the content and tells the browser how the HTML elements should be presented (e.g. colors, layouts, fonts)

HTML CSS — Garret Grolemund “Extracting data from the web”

Getting the HTML is generally easy; extracting the data you want from the HTML is usually the difficult part.

For example, below is the source HTML of the Rutgers website.

Exercise

Inspect the https://www.rutgers.edu source code using your web browser.

Chrome
- View > Developer > View Source
Safari
- Settings > Advanced > Check “Show features for web developers”
- Develop > Show Page Source
Microsoft Edge
- Right click > View page source
Firefox
- Web Developer > Page Source

What are we scraping?

Web scraping is possible because HTML web pages generally have a consistent structure.

Before we scrape any websites, we need to know what HTML files look like. An example:

html

<html>
<head>
  <title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1 id="first">A heading</h1>
  <p class="editor-note">My cat is grumpy</p>
  <img src='myimg.png' width='100' height='100'>
</body>
</html>

HTML has a hierarchical structure formed by elements which generally consist of:

the opening tag: (e.g. <p>) the name of the element, wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets
the closing tag: (e.g. </p>) the same as the opening tag except with a forward slash before the element name
contents: (e.g. My cat is grumpy) the content of the element (everything between start and end tags)
attributes (optional): (e.g. class="editor-note") attributes contain extra information of the element that you don’t want to appear in content. Here. class is the attribute name and editor-note is the attribute value.

Every HTML page must be in an <html> element and it must have two children <head>, which contains document metadata like the page title, and <body>, which contains the content you see in the browser.

Other common elements include:

Block tags like <h1> (heading 1), <section> (section), <p> (paragraph), and <ol> (ordered list) form the overall structure of the page.
Inline tags like <b> (bold), <i> (italics), and <a> (link) format text inside block tags.

Void elements

Some elements have no content and are called void elements. For example, <img> is a void element.

MDN Web Docs is a good resource for learning more HTML - here is a basic webpage example.

Attributes

In web scraping, attributes are particularly useful.

Two important attributes are id and class. These attributes are used in conjunction with CSS to control the visual appearance of the page. For example, any element with class editor-note may be displayed in a particular way (as specified by CSS). This sort of pattern is known as a CSS selector.

For our purposes, often the data we want to scrape have the same class or CSS selector (because the web page designer wanted these data to look the same!) This is VERY helpful for parsing the HTML soup we often get!

Are we allowed to scrape?

Adapted from R for Data Science (2e), Wickham et al. (2023).

Is webscraping legal and/or ethical?

Overall, the situation is complicated. Legalities depend on where you live. Generally, if the data is public, non-personal, and factual, you’re likely to be ok.

If the data isn’t public, non-personal, or factual or you’re scraping the data specifically to make money with it, you’ll need to talk to a lawyer.

In any case, you should be respectful; if you are scraping many pages, you should wait a little while between each request. Also, some web servers will block you if you send many requests at once.

Terms of service

Many websites include a “terms and conditions” or “terms of service” link somewhere on the page, and if you read that page closely you’ll often discover that the site specifically prohibits web scraping.

US: courts have generally found that you are not bound by terms of service (e.g., HiQ Labs v. LinkedIn) if you do not need an account to access the data, and you do not check a box agreeing to terms of service.

Europe: courts have found the terms of service are enforceable even if you do not explicitly agree to them.

Personally identifiable information

Even if the data is public, you should be extremely careful about scraping personally identifiable information like names, email addresses, phone numbers, dates of birth, etc.

Europe has particularly strict laws about the collection or storage of such data (GDPR).

Regardless of where you live, such scraping is quite likely problematic from an ethical point of view.

OK Cupid Example

In 2016, a group of researchers scraped public profile information (e.g., usernames, age, gender, location, etc.) about 70,000 people on the dating site OkCupid and they publicly released these data without any attempts for anonymization. While the researchers felt that there was nothing wrong with this since the data were already public, this work was widely condemned due to ethics concerns around identifiability of users whose information was released in the dataset. If your work involves scraping personally identifiable information, we strongly recommend reading about the OkCupid study as well as similar studies with questionable research ethics involving the acquisition and release of personally identifiable information.

Copyright

You also need to worry about copyright law.

US law: copyright protects : “…original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression…”. It then goes on to describe specific categories that it applies like literary works, musical works, motion pictures and more. Notably absent from copyright protection are data. This means that as long as you limit your scraping to facts, copyright protection does not apply.

As a brief example, in the US, lists of ingredients and instructions are not copyrightable, so copyright can not be used to protect a recipe. But if that list of recipes is accompanied by substantial novel literary content, that is copyrightable.

US fair use: If you do need to scrape original content (like text or images), you may still be protected under the doctrine of fair use. Fair use is not a hard and fast rule, but weighs up a number of factors. It’s more likely to apply if you are collecting the data for research or non-commercial purposes and if you limit what you scrape to just what you need.

European law: Europe has a separate “sui generis” right that protects databases.

How do we scrape?

To get started scraping, you need the URL of the page you want to scrape, which you can usually copy from your web browser.

Then, we can make use of the following packages:

requests: make a HTTP request to get the website HTML
Beautiful Soup: parse an HTML file to find data in specific parts of the file

First, install these packages in your conda environment:

pip install requests
pip install beautifulsoup4

Example: Rutgers Statistics Faculty

import requests
import bs4
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

The requests.get function downloads the HTML source code.

url = "https://statistics.rutgers.edu/people-pages/faculty"
response = requests.get(url)
response

<Response [200]>

NOTE: Response [200] indicates successful response.

The raw data (as bytes) is stored in response.content:

# b' ' indicates bytes
response.content

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class="row">\r\n<div class="col title-unit"><a href="/." class="no-underline no-hover">Department of Statistics</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div></div>\n</div>\n<div class="sas-branding no-card  d-none d-xl-block">\n        <ul class="mod-menu mod-menu_dropdown-metismenu metismenu mod-list  navbar-sas-ru">\n<li class="metismenu-item item-101205 level-1"><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/about/events/upcoming-events" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SAS Events</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-101206 level-1"><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/about/news" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SAS News</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100002 level-1"><a href="https://www.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rutgers.edu</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100118 level-1"><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SAS</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100009 level-1"><a href="https://search.rutgers.edu/people" 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class="metismenu-item item-100919 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/open-rank-faculty-positions" >Two Open Rank Faculty Positions</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-101304 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/teaching-faculty-and-lecturers" >Teaching Faculty and Lecturers</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100575 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/affiliated-faculty" >Affiliated Faculty</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-101305 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/graduate-students" >Ph.D. Students and Post Docs</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-101306 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/recent-graduates" >Recent PhD Graduates</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100573 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/staff" >Staff</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100572 level-2"><a href="/people-pages/emeritus" >Emeritus</a></li></ul></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100342 level-1 divider deeper parent"><button class="mod-menu__separator separator mm-collapsed mm-toggler mm-toggler-nolink" 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href="/contact-us" >Contact Us</a></li></ul>\n\n\n        </div>\n    </div>\n</nav>    </div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\n\n\t</header>\n  \n  \n  \n\t<div class="site-grid">\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="grid-child container-sidebar-left">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="sidebar-left card ">\n            <h3 class="card-header ">People</h3>        <div class="card-body">\n                <div class="accordeonck-wrap" data-id="accordeonck276">\n<ul class="menu" id="accordeonck276">\n<li id="item-101303" class="accordeonck item101303 first level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/administrative-team" >Administrative Team<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-100570" class="accordeonck item100570 current active level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck isactive " href="/people-pages/faculty" >Faculty<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-100919" class="accordeonck item100919 first level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/open-rank-faculty-positions" >Two Open Rank Faculty Positions<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-101304" class="accordeonck item101304 level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/teaching-faculty-and-lecturers" >Teaching Faculty and Lecturers<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-100575" class="accordeonck item100575 level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/affiliated-faculty" >Affiliated Faculty<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-101305" class="accordeonck item101305 first level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/graduate-students" >Ph.D. Students and Post Docs<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-101306" class="accordeonck item101306 first level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/recent-graduates" >Recent PhD Graduates<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-100573" class="accordeonck item100573 first level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/staff" >Staff<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li><li id="item-100572" class="accordeonck item100572 first level1 " data-level="1" ><span class="accordeonck_outer "><a class="accordeonck " href="/people-pages/emeritus" >Emeritus<span class="accordeonckdesc"></span></a></span></li></ul></div>\n    </div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class="grid-child container-component">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div id="system-message-container" aria-live="polite"></div>\n\n\t\t\t<main>\n\t\t\t\t<div class="lnep_blog">\r\n\t\t\t<div class="page-header">\r\n\t\t\t<h1>Faculty</h1>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t<form action="/people-pages/faculty" method="get" name="adminForm" id="adminForm">\r\n\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_latestnewsenhancedpro">\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="view" value="articles">\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="category" value="" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="tag" value="" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="author" value="" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="alias" value="" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="period" value="" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="stage" value="" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type="hidden" name="limitstart" value="0" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="filter_order" value="" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="filter_order_Dir" value="ASC" />\r\n\t\t<input type="hidden" name="adc719b3fae21b13fbbddd9df4795d1b" value="1">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="pagination_wrapper top">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="searchblock">\r\n    \t    \t    \t    \t            <div class="row mb-3">\r\n            \t<div class="col-auto">\r\n\t            \t<div class="input-group me-1">\r\n\t            \t\t<label for="filter-search" class="visually-hidden">Search</label>\r\n\t            \t\t<input type="text" name="filter-search" id="filter-search" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter text here" value="" />\r\n\t            \t\t<button type="button" aria-label="Search" class="btn btn-primary hasTooltip" name="searchbtn" id="searchbtn" onclick="document.adminForm.limitstart.value=0;this.form.submit(); return false;" title="Search"><i class="SYWicon-search"></i></button>\r\n\t            \t</div>\r\n\t            </div>\r\n            \t<div class="col-auto">\r\n    \t\t\t\t<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="clearForm(); return false;">Clear</button>\r\n\t            </div>\r\n            </div>\r\n\t\t\t    \t    </div>\r\n    <script>\r\n\t\tdocument.getElementById("filter-search").addEventListener("keyup", function(event) { event.preventDefault(); if (event.keyCode === 13) { document.getElementById("searchbtn").click(); } });\r\n    </script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="latestnews-items">\r\n\t\t\t\t <div class="latestnews-item id-368 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/368-pierre-bellec" class="hasTooltip" title="Pierre Bellec" aria-label="Read more about Pierre Bellec"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_368.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Pierre Bellec" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/368-pierre-bellec" class="hasTooltip" title="Pierre Bellec" aria-label="Read more about Pierre Bellec"> <span>Pierre Bellec</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu">pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-715 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/715-matteo-bonvini" class="hasTooltip" title="Matteo Bonvini" aria-label="Read more about Matteo Bonvini"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_715.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Matteo Bonvini" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/715-matteo-bonvini" class="hasTooltip" title="Matteo Bonvini" aria-label="Read more about Matteo Bonvini"> <span>Matteo Bonvini</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:mb1662@stat.rutgers.edu">mb1662@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-369 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/369-steven-buyske" class="hasTooltip" title="Steve Buyske" aria-label="Read more about Steve Buyske"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_369.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Steve Buyske" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/369-steven-buyske" class="hasTooltip" title="Steve Buyske" aria-label="Read more about Steve Buyske"> <span>Steve Buyske</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor; Co-Director of Undergraduate Statistics Program; Co-Director of Undergraduate Data Science Program</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:buyske@stat.rutgers.edu">buyske@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-370 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/370-javier-cabrera" class="hasTooltip" title="Javier Cabrera" aria-label="Read more about Javier Cabrera"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_370.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Javier Cabrera" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/370-javier-cabrera" class="hasTooltip" title="Javier Cabrera" aria-label="Read more about Javier Cabrera"> <span>Javier Cabrera</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:cabrera@stat.rutgers.edu">cabrera@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-371 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/371-rong-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Rong Chen" aria-label="Read more about Rong Chen"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_371.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Rong Chen" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/371-rong-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Rong Chen" aria-label="Read more about Rong Chen"> <span>Rong Chen</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Chair</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:rongchen@stat.rutgers.edu">rongchen@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-650 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/650-yaqing-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Yaqing Chen" aria-label="Read more about Yaqing Chen"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_650.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Yaqing Chen" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/650-yaqing-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Yaqing Chen" aria-label="Read more about Yaqing Chen"> <span>Yaqing Chen</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:yqchen@stat.rutgers.edu">yqchen@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-373 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/373-harry-crane" class="hasTooltip" title="Harry Crane" aria-label="Read more about Harry Crane"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_373.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Harry Crane" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/373-harry-crane" class="hasTooltip" title="Harry Crane" aria-label="Read more about Harry Crane"> <span>Harry Crane</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:hcrane@stat.rutgers.edu">hcrane@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-374 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/374-tirthankar-dasgupta" class="hasTooltip" title="Tirthankar DasGupta" aria-label="Read more about Tirthankar DasGupta"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_374.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Tirthankar DasGupta" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/374-tirthankar-dasgupta" class="hasTooltip" title="Tirthankar DasGupta" aria-label="Read more about Tirthankar DasGupta"> <span>Tirthankar DasGupta</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor and Co-Graduate Director</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:tirthankar.dasgupta@rutgers.edu">tirthankar.dasgupta@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-403 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/403-ruobin-gong" class="hasTooltip" title="Ruobin Gong" aria-label="Read more about Ruobin Gong"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_403.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Ruobin Gong" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/403-ruobin-gong" class="hasTooltip" title="Ruobin Gong" aria-label="Read more about Ruobin Gong"> <span>Ruobin Gong</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:ruobin.gong@rutgers.edu">ruobin.gong@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-400 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/400-zijian-guo" class="hasTooltip" title="Zijian Guo" aria-label="Read more about Zijian Guo"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_400.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Zijian Guo" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/400-zijian-guo" class="hasTooltip" title="Zijian Guo" aria-label="Read more about Zijian Guo"> <span>Zijian Guo</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:zijguo@stat.rutgers.edu">zijguo@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-399 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/399-qiyang-han" class="hasTooltip" title="Qiyang Han" aria-label="Read more about Qiyang Han"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_399.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Qiyang Han" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/399-qiyang-han" class="hasTooltip" title="Qiyang Han" aria-label="Read more about Qiyang Han"> <span>Qiyang Han</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:qh85@stat.rutgers.edu">qh85@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-398 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/398-donald-r-hoover" class="hasTooltip" title="Donald R. Hoover" aria-label="Read more about Donald R. Hoover"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_398.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Donald R. Hoover" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/398-donald-r-hoover" class="hasTooltip" title="Donald R. Hoover" aria-label="Read more about Donald R. Hoover"> <span>Donald R. Hoover</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:drhoover@stat.rutgers.edu">drhoover@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-397 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/397-ying-hung" class="hasTooltip" title="Ying Hung" aria-label="Read more about Ying Hung"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_397.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Ying Hung" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/397-ying-hung" class="hasTooltip" title="Ying Hung" aria-label="Read more about Ying Hung"> <span>Ying Hung</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:yhung@stat.rutgers.edu">yhung@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-651 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/651-koulik-khamaru" class="hasTooltip" title="Koulik Khamaru" aria-label="Read more about Koulik Khamaru"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_651.jpeg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Koulik Khamaru" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/651-koulik-khamaru" class="hasTooltip" title="Koulik Khamaru" aria-label="Read more about Koulik Khamaru"> <span>Koulik Khamaru</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:kk1241@stat.rutgers.edu">kk1241@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-395 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/395-john-kolassa" class="hasTooltip" title="John Kolassa" aria-label="Read more about John Kolassa"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_395.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="John Kolassa" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/395-john-kolassa" class="hasTooltip" title="John Kolassa" aria-label="Read more about John Kolassa"> <span>John Kolassa</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:kolassa@stat.rutgers.edu">kolassa@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-391 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/391-regina-y-liu" class="hasTooltip" title="Regina Y. Liu" aria-label="Read more about Regina Y. Liu"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_391.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Regina Y. Liu" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/391-regina-y-liu" class="hasTooltip" title="Regina Y. Liu" aria-label="Read more about Regina Y. Liu"> <span>Regina Y. Liu</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:rliu@stat.rutgers.edu">rliu@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-716 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/716-gemma-moran" class="hasTooltip" title="Gemma Moran" aria-label="Read more about Gemma Moran"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_716.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Gemma Moran" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/716-gemma-moran" class="hasTooltip" title="Gemma Moran" aria-label="Read more about Gemma Moran"> <span>Gemma Moran</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:gm845@stat.rutgers.edu">gm845@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-573 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/573-nicole-pashley" class="hasTooltip" title="Nicole Pashley" aria-label="Read more about Nicole Pashley"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_573.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Nicole Pashley" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/573-nicole-pashley" class="hasTooltip" title="Nicole Pashley" aria-label="Read more about Nicole Pashley"> <span>Nicole Pashley</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:np755@stat.rutgers.edu">np755@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-387 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/387-harold-b-sackrowitz" class="hasTooltip" title="Harold B. Sackrowitz" aria-label="Read more about Harold B. Sackrowitz"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_387.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Harold B. Sackrowitz" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/387-harold-b-sackrowitz" class="hasTooltip" title="Harold B. Sackrowitz" aria-label="Read more about Harold B. Sackrowitz"> <span>Harold B. Sackrowitz</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Undergraduate Director</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:sackrowi@stat.rutgers.edu">sackrowi@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-542 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/542-michael-l-stein" class="hasTooltip" title="Michael L. Stein" aria-label="Read more about Michael L. Stein"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_542.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Michael L. Stein" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/542-michael-l-stein" class="hasTooltip" title="Michael L. Stein" aria-label="Read more about Michael L. Stein"> <span>Michael L. Stein</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:ms2870@stat.rutgers.edu">ms2870@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-383 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/383-zhiqiang-tan" class="hasTooltip" title="Zhiqiang Tan" aria-label="Read more about Zhiqiang Tan"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_383.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Zhiqiang Tan" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/383-zhiqiang-tan" class="hasTooltip" title="Zhiqiang Tan" aria-label="Read more about Zhiqiang Tan"> <span>Zhiqiang Tan</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor </span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:ztan@stat.rutgers.edu">ztan@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-382 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/382-david-e-tyler" class="hasTooltip" title="David E. Tyler" aria-label="Read more about David E. Tyler"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_382.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="David E. Tyler" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/382-david-e-tyler" class="hasTooltip" title="David E. Tyler" aria-label="Read more about David E. Tyler"> <span>David E. Tyler</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:dtyler@stat.rutgers.edu">dtyler@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-572 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/572-guanyang-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Guanyang Wang" aria-label="Read more about Guanyang Wang"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_572.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Guanyang Wang" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/572-guanyang-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Guanyang Wang" aria-label="Read more about Guanyang Wang"> <span>Guanyang Wang</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:guanyang.wang@rutgers.edu">guanyang.wang@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-381 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/381-sijan-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Sijian Wang" aria-label="Read more about Sijian Wang"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_381.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Sijian Wang" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/381-sijan-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Sijian Wang" aria-label="Read more about Sijian Wang"> <span>Sijian Wang</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor and Co-Director of FSRM and MSDS programs</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:sijian.wang@stat.rutgers.edu">sijian.wang@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-380 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/380-han-xiao" class="hasTooltip" title="Han Xiao" aria-label="Read more about Han Xiao"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_380.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Han Xiao" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/380-han-xiao" class="hasTooltip" title="Han Xiao" aria-label="Read more about Han Xiao"> <span>Han Xiao</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor and Co-Graduate Director</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:hxiao@stat.rutgers.edu">hxiao@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-379 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/379-minge-xie" class="hasTooltip" title="Minge Xie" aria-label="Read more about Minge Xie"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_379.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Minge Xie" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/379-minge-xie" class="hasTooltip" title="Minge Xie" aria-label="Read more about Minge Xie"> <span>Minge Xie</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Director, Office of Statistical Consulting</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:mxie@stat.rutgers.edu">mxie@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-378 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/378-min-xu" class="hasTooltip" title="Min Xu" aria-label="Read more about Min Xu"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_378.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Min Xu" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/378-min-xu" class="hasTooltip" title="Min Xu" aria-label="Read more about Min 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   <script>\r\n\t\tdocument.getElementById("filter-search").addEventListener("keyup", function(event) { event.preventDefault(); if (event.keyCode === 13) { document.getElementById("searchbtn").click(); } });\r\n    </script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="latestnews-items">\r\n\t\t\t\t <div class="latestnews-item id-368 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/368-pierre-bellec" class="hasTooltip" title="Pierre Bellec" aria-label="Read more about Pierre Bellec"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_368.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Pierre Bellec" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/368-pierre-bellec" class="hasTooltip" title="Pierre Bellec" aria-label="Read more about Pierre Bellec"> <span>Pierre Bellec</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu">pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-715 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/715-matteo-bonvini" class="hasTooltip" title="Matteo Bonvini" aria-label="Read more about Matteo Bonvini"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_715.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Matteo Bonvini" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/715-matteo-bonvini" class="hasTooltip" title="Matteo Bonvini" aria-label="Read more about Matteo Bonvini"> <span>Matteo Bonvini</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:mb1662@stat.rutgers.edu">mb1662@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-369 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/369-steven-buyske" class="hasTooltip" title="Steve Buyske" aria-label="Read more about Steve Buyske"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_369.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Steve Buyske" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/369-steven-buyske" class="hasTooltip" title="Steve Buyske" aria-label="Read more about Steve Buyske"> <span>Steve Buyske</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor; Co-Director of Undergraduate Statistics Program; Co-Director of Undergraduate Data Science Program</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:buyske@stat.rutgers.edu">buyske@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-370 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/370-javier-cabrera" class="hasTooltip" title="Javier Cabrera" aria-label="Read more about Javier Cabrera"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_370.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Javier Cabrera" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/370-javier-cabrera" class="hasTooltip" title="Javier Cabrera" aria-label="Read more about Javier Cabrera"> <span>Javier Cabrera</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:cabrera@stat.rutgers.edu">cabrera@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-371 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/371-rong-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Rong Chen" aria-label="Read more about Rong Chen"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_371.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Rong Chen" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/371-rong-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Rong Chen" aria-label="Read more about Rong Chen"> <span>Rong Chen</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Chair</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:rongchen@stat.rutgers.edu">rongchen@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-650 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/650-yaqing-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Yaqing Chen" aria-label="Read more about Yaqing Chen"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_650.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Yaqing Chen" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/650-yaqing-chen" class="hasTooltip" title="Yaqing Chen" aria-label="Read more about Yaqing Chen"> <span>Yaqing Chen</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:yqchen@stat.rutgers.edu">yqchen@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-373 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/373-harry-crane" class="hasTooltip" title="Harry Crane" aria-label="Read more about Harry Crane"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_373.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Harry Crane" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/373-harry-crane" class="hasTooltip" title="Harry Crane" aria-label="Read more about Harry Crane"> <span>Harry Crane</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:hcrane@stat.rutgers.edu">hcrane@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-374 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/374-tirthankar-dasgupta" class="hasTooltip" title="Tirthankar DasGupta" aria-label="Read more about Tirthankar DasGupta"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_374.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Tirthankar DasGupta" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/374-tirthankar-dasgupta" class="hasTooltip" title="Tirthankar DasGupta" aria-label="Read more about Tirthankar DasGupta"> <span>Tirthankar DasGupta</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor and Co-Graduate Director</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:tirthankar.dasgupta@rutgers.edu">tirthankar.dasgupta@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-403 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/403-ruobin-gong" class="hasTooltip" title="Ruobin Gong" aria-label="Read more about Ruobin Gong"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_403.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Ruobin Gong" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/403-ruobin-gong" class="hasTooltip" title="Ruobin Gong" aria-label="Read more about Ruobin Gong"> <span>Ruobin Gong</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:ruobin.gong@rutgers.edu">ruobin.gong@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-400 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/400-zijian-guo" class="hasTooltip" title="Zijian Guo" aria-label="Read more about Zijian Guo"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_400.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Zijian Guo" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/400-zijian-guo" class="hasTooltip" title="Zijian Guo" aria-label="Read more about Zijian Guo"> <span>Zijian Guo</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:zijguo@stat.rutgers.edu">zijguo@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-399 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/399-qiyang-han" class="hasTooltip" title="Qiyang Han" aria-label="Read more about Qiyang Han"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_399.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Qiyang Han" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/399-qiyang-han" class="hasTooltip" title="Qiyang Han" aria-label="Read more about Qiyang Han"> <span>Qiyang Han</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:qh85@stat.rutgers.edu">qh85@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-398 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/398-donald-r-hoover" class="hasTooltip" title="Donald R. Hoover" aria-label="Read more about Donald R. Hoover"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_398.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Donald R. Hoover" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/398-donald-r-hoover" class="hasTooltip" title="Donald R. Hoover" aria-label="Read more about Donald R. Hoover"> <span>Donald R. Hoover</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:drhoover@stat.rutgers.edu">drhoover@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-397 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/397-ying-hung" class="hasTooltip" title="Ying Hung" aria-label="Read more about Ying Hung"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_397.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Ying Hung" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/397-ying-hung" class="hasTooltip" title="Ying Hung" aria-label="Read more about Ying Hung"> <span>Ying Hung</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:yhung@stat.rutgers.edu">yhung@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-651 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/651-koulik-khamaru" class="hasTooltip" title="Koulik Khamaru" aria-label="Read more about Koulik Khamaru"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_651.jpeg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Koulik Khamaru" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/651-koulik-khamaru" class="hasTooltip" title="Koulik Khamaru" aria-label="Read more about Koulik Khamaru"> <span>Koulik Khamaru</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:kk1241@stat.rutgers.edu">kk1241@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-395 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/395-john-kolassa" class="hasTooltip" title="John Kolassa" aria-label="Read more about John Kolassa"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_395.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="John Kolassa" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/395-john-kolassa" class="hasTooltip" title="John Kolassa" aria-label="Read more about John Kolassa"> <span>John Kolassa</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:kolassa@stat.rutgers.edu">kolassa@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-391 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/391-regina-y-liu" class="hasTooltip" title="Regina Y. Liu" aria-label="Read more about Regina Y. Liu"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_391.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Regina Y. Liu" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/391-regina-y-liu" class="hasTooltip" title="Regina Y. Liu" aria-label="Read more about Regina Y. Liu"> <span>Regina Y. Liu</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:rliu@stat.rutgers.edu">rliu@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-716 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/716-gemma-moran" class="hasTooltip" title="Gemma Moran" aria-label="Read more about Gemma Moran"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_716.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Gemma Moran" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/716-gemma-moran" class="hasTooltip" title="Gemma Moran" aria-label="Read more about Gemma Moran"> <span>Gemma Moran</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:gm845@stat.rutgers.edu">gm845@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-573 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/573-nicole-pashley" class="hasTooltip" title="Nicole Pashley" aria-label="Read more about Nicole Pashley"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_573.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Nicole Pashley" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/573-nicole-pashley" class="hasTooltip" title="Nicole Pashley" aria-label="Read more about Nicole Pashley"> <span>Nicole Pashley</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:np755@stat.rutgers.edu">np755@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-387 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/387-harold-b-sackrowitz" class="hasTooltip" title="Harold B. Sackrowitz" aria-label="Read more about Harold B. Sackrowitz"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_387.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Harold B. Sackrowitz" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/387-harold-b-sackrowitz" class="hasTooltip" title="Harold B. Sackrowitz" aria-label="Read more about Harold B. Sackrowitz"> <span>Harold B. Sackrowitz</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Undergraduate Director</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:sackrowi@stat.rutgers.edu">sackrowi@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-542 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/542-michael-l-stein" class="hasTooltip" title="Michael L. Stein" aria-label="Read more about Michael L. Stein"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_542.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Michael L. Stein" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/542-michael-l-stein" class="hasTooltip" title="Michael L. Stein" aria-label="Read more about Michael L. Stein"> <span>Michael L. Stein</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:ms2870@stat.rutgers.edu">ms2870@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-383 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/383-zhiqiang-tan" class="hasTooltip" title="Zhiqiang Tan" aria-label="Read more about Zhiqiang Tan"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_383.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Zhiqiang Tan" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/383-zhiqiang-tan" class="hasTooltip" title="Zhiqiang Tan" aria-label="Read more about Zhiqiang Tan"> <span>Zhiqiang Tan</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor </span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:ztan@stat.rutgers.edu">ztan@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-382 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/382-david-e-tyler" class="hasTooltip" title="David E. Tyler" aria-label="Read more about David E. Tyler"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_382.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="David E. Tyler" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/382-david-e-tyler" class="hasTooltip" title="David E. Tyler" aria-label="Read more about David E. Tyler"> <span>David E. Tyler</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:dtyler@stat.rutgers.edu">dtyler@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-572 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/572-guanyang-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Guanyang Wang" aria-label="Read more about Guanyang Wang"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_572.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Guanyang Wang" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/572-guanyang-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Guanyang Wang" aria-label="Read more about Guanyang Wang"> <span>Guanyang Wang</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:guanyang.wang@rutgers.edu">guanyang.wang@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-381 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/381-sijan-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Sijian Wang" aria-label="Read more about Sijian Wang"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_381.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Sijian Wang" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/381-sijan-wang" class="hasTooltip" title="Sijian Wang" aria-label="Read more about Sijian Wang"> <span>Sijian Wang</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor and Co-Director of FSRM and MSDS programs</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:sijian.wang@stat.rutgers.edu">sijian.wang@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-380 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/380-han-xiao" class="hasTooltip" title="Han Xiao" aria-label="Read more about Han Xiao"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_380.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Han Xiao" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/380-han-xiao" class="hasTooltip" title="Han Xiao" aria-label="Read more about Han Xiao"> <span>Han Xiao</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Professor and Co-Graduate Director</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:hxiao@stat.rutgers.edu">hxiao@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-379 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/379-minge-xie" class="hasTooltip" title="Minge Xie" aria-label="Read more about Minge Xie"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_379.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Minge Xie" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/379-minge-xie" class="hasTooltip" title="Minge Xie" aria-label="Read more about Minge Xie"> <span>Minge Xie</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Director, Office of Statistical Consulting</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:mxie@stat.rutgers.edu">mxie@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-378 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/378-min-xu" class="hasTooltip" title="Min Xu" aria-label="Read more about Min Xu"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_378.jpg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Min Xu" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/378-min-xu" class="hasTooltip" title="Min Xu" aria-label="Read more about Min Xu"> <span>Min Xu</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Assistant Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:mx76@stat.rutgers.edu">mx76@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-376 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/376-cun-hui-zhang" class="hasTooltip" title="Cun-Hui Zhang" aria-label="Read more about Cun-Hui Zhang"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_376.png?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Cun-Hui Zhang" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/376-cun-hui-zhang" class="hasTooltip" title="Cun-Hui Zhang" aria-label="Read more about Cun-Hui Zhang"> <span>Cun-Hui Zhang</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Distinguished Professor and Co-Director of FSRM and MSDS programs</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:czhang@stat.rutgers.edu">czhang@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latestnews-item id-546 catid-130 text_bottom"> <div class="news"> <div class="innernews"> <div class="newshead picturetype"> <div class="picture"> <div class="innerpicture"> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/546-linjun-zhang" class="hasTooltip" title="Linjun Zhang" aria-label="Read more about Linjun Zhang"> <img src="/media/cache/com_latestnewsenhancedpro/thumb_articles_blog_100570_546.jpeg?3088073d1e73eeccbd4c2a2efb7f218f" alt="Linjun Zhang" width="300" height="300" loading="eager"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle "> <a href="/people-pages/faculty/people/546-linjun-zhang" class="hasTooltip" title="Linjun Zhang" aria-label="Read more about Linjun Zhang"> <span>Linjun Zhang</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5 "><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:linjun.zhang@rutgers.edu">linjun.zhang@rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> \t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class="pagination_wrapper 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style="display: block; width: 100%; border: 0; max-height: none; overflow: auto"></iframe>\r\n            \t</div>\r\n            \t<div class="modal-footer">\r\n            \t\t<button class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">Close</button>\r\n            \t</div>\r\n    \t\t</div>\r\n    \t</div>\r\n    </div>\n\t\t\t</main>\n          \t\t          \t\t          \t\t\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t      \n      \n      \t\t      \n      \t\t\t</div>\n\n\t  \n  \n\t\n\t  \n \n  \t\t\t<sas-footer-identity class=" grid-child container-sas-footer-identity full-width-v2">\n\t\t\t<div class=" sas-footer-identity">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="sas-footer-identity no-card sas-footer-logo-left sas-footer-logo-left sas-branding">\n        \n<div id="mod-custom261" class="mod-custom custom">\n    <p><img src="/media/templates/site/cassiopeia_sas/images/RNBSAS_H_WHITE.svg" alt="White RU Logo" style="min-width: 300px; max-width: 400px; margin-top: 10px; margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;" loading="lazy" /></p></div>\n</div>\n<div class="sas-footer-identity no-card ">\n        <ul class="mod-menu mod-menu_dropdown-metismenu metismenu mod-list mod-menu mod-list nav navbar-sas-ru sas-footer-menu sas-footer-menu-right">\n<li class="metismenu-item item-101205 level-1"><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/about/events/upcoming-events" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SAS Events</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-101206 level-1"><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/about/news" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SAS News</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100002 level-1"><a href="https://www.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rutgers.edu</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100118 level-1"><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SAS</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100009 level-1"><a href="https://search.rutgers.edu/people" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Search People</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100010 level-1"><a href="/search-website" ><img src="/media/templates/site/cassiopeia_sas/images/search-magnifying-glass.PNG" alt="" width="25" height="24" loading="lazy"><span class="image-title visually-hidden">Search Website</span></a></li></ul>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</sas-footer-identity>\n\t\n<footer class="container-footer footer full-width">\n        \n         \n <!-- Display any module in the footer position from the sites -->         \n<div class="grid-child">\n<!--2025-01 LG: Display Rutgers Menu from rutgers file -->              \n<div><h3 class="title">Connect with Rutgers</h3>\n<ul  class="list-unstyled">\n<li><a href="https://newbrunswick.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" >Rutgers New Brunswick</a>\n<li><a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/news" target="blank">Rutgers Today</a>\n<li><a href="https://my.rutgers.edu/uxp/login" target="_blank">myRutgers</a>\n<li><a href="https://scheduling.rutgers.edu/scheduling/academic-calendar" target="_blank">Academic Calendar</a>\n<li><a href="https://classes.rutgers.edu//soc/#home" target="_blank">Rutgers Schedule of Classes</a>\n<li><a href="https://emnb.rutgers.edu/one-stop-overview/" target="_blank">One Stop Student Service Center</a>\n<li><a href="https://rutgers.campuslabs.com/engage/events/" target="_blank">getINVOLVED</a>\n<li><a href="https://admissions.rutgers.edu/visit-rutgers" target="_blank">Plan a Visit</a>\n</ul>\n</div> \n  <!--2025-01 LG: Display SAS Menu from SAS file -->              \n  <div>\n    <h3 class="title">Explore SAS</h3>\n<ul  class="list-unstyled">\n<li><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/academics/majors-minors" target="blank">Majors and Minors</a>\n<li><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/academics/areas-of-study" target="_blank" >Departments and Programs</a>\n<li><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/academics/centers-institutes" target="_blank">Research Centers and Institutes</a>\n<li><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/about/sas-offices" target="_blank">SAS Offices</a>  \n<li><a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/giving" target="_blank">Support SAS</a>\n</ul>\n</div> \n  \n<!--2025-01 LG: Display NOTICES Menu from NOTICES file -->              \n<div>\n<h3 class="title">Notices</h3>\n<ul class="list-unstyled">\n<li><a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/status" target="_blank" >University Operating Status</a>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<ul  class="list-unstyled">\n<li><a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/privacy-statement" target="blank">Privacy</a>\n</ul>\n</div> \n                 <div class="moduletable ">\n            <h3 class="title">Contact Us</h3>        \n<div id="mod-custom96" class="mod-custom custom">\n    <p><img src="/images/stories/hill2_70x70.jpg" alt="hill2_70x70" width="90" height="90" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px; float: left;" />501 Hill Center<br />110 Frelinghuysen Road<br />Piscataway, NJ 08854<br /><strong>_____________________________</strong><br />Phone: 848-445-2690</p>\r\n<p>General Inquiries: <joomla-hidden-mail  is-link="1" is-email="1" first="YWRtaW4=" last="c3RhdC5ydXRnZXJzLmVkdQ==" text="YWRtaW5Ac3RhdC5ydXRnZXJzLmVkdQ==" base="" >This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</joomla-hidden-mail><br />Special Permission: <a href="https://secure.sas.rutgers.edu/apps/special_permission/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://secure.sas.rutgers.edu/apps/special_permission/</a><br /><joomla-hidden-mail  is-link="1" is-email="1" first="ZXNoYXJrZXk=" last="c3RhdC5ydXRnZXJzLmVkdQ==" text="ZXNoYXJrZXlAc3RhdC5ydXRnZXJzLmVkdQ==" base="" >This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</joomla-hidden-mail></p></div>\n</div>\n\n\t</div>\n</footer>\n\n<!-- Display Social Media Module -->    \n\t \n\n<!--Display Footer Menu -->  \n          \n\t\t\t<sas-footer-menu class="container-sas-footer-menu full-width">\n\t\t\t<div class="sas-footer-menu">\n\t\t\t\t<ul class="mod-menu mod-menu_dropdown-metismenu metismenu mod-list navbar navbar-nav dropdown sas-footer-menu">\n<li class="metismenu-item item-100003 level-1"><a href="/" >Home</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100052 level-1"><a href="https://ithelp.sas.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IT Help</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100119 level-1"><a href="/contact-us" >Contact Us</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100639 level-1"><a href="/site-map?view=html&amp;id=2" >Site Map</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100827 level-1"><a href="/search-in-footer" >Search</a></li><li class="metismenu-item item-100772 level-1"><a href="https://statistics.rutgers.edu/?morequest=sso&amp;idp=urn:mace:incommon:rutgers.edu" >Login</a></li></ul>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</sas-footer-menu>\n\t\n\n<!-- Display Copyright -->\n\t\t<copyright class="container-sas-copyright  full-width">\n\t\t\t<div class="sas-copyright">\n\n<!--2025-01 LG: Display Copyright Text from copyright text file -->              \n<p>\n    <!-- paragraph 1 of copy right - information -->\n<p style="text-align: center;">Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Individuals with disabilities are encouraged to direct suggestions, comments, or complaints concerning any<br />\naccessibility issues with Rutgers websites to <a href=\'mailto:accessibility@rutgers.edu\'>accessibility@rutgers.edu</a> or complete the <a href=\'https://it.rutgers.edu/it-accessibility-initiative/barrierform/\'  rel=\'nofollow\' target=\'_blank\'>Report Accessibility Barrier / Provide Feedback</a> form.</p>\n    <!-- paragraph 2 of copy right - information -->\n<p style="text-align: center;"><a href=\'https://www.rutgers.edu/copyright-information\' rel=\'nofollow\' target=\'_blank\'>Copyright ©<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script></a>, <a href=\'https://www.rutgers.edu/\' rel=\'nofollow\' target=\'_blank\'>Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey</a>. All rights reserved.  <a href=\'https://ithelp.sas.rutgers.edu/\' rel=\'nofollow\' target=\'_blank\'>Contact webmaster</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n\n</p>\n\n<!-- Display back to top link -->              \n\t\t\t<a href="#top" id="back-top" class="back-to-top-link" aria-label="Back to Top">\n\t\t\t<span class="icon-arrow-up icon-fw" aria-hidden="true"></span>\n\t\t</a>\n\n\t\n\n<noscript class="4SEO_cron">\n    <img aria-hidden="true" alt="" style="position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:-99999;" src="https://statistics.rutgers.edu/index.php/_wblapi?nolangfilter=1&_wblapi=/forseo/v1/cron/image/" data-pagespeed-no-transform data-speed-no-transform />\n</noscript>\n<script class="4SEO_cron" data-speed-no-transform >setTimeout(function () {\n        var e = document.createElement(\'img\');\n        e.setAttribute(\'style\', \'position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;z-index:-99999\');\n        e.setAttribute(\'aria-hidden\', \'true\');\n        e.setAttribute(\'src\', \'https://statistics.rutgers.edu/index.php/_wblapi?nolangfilter=1&_wblapi=/forseo/v1/cron/image/\' + Math.random().toString().substring(2) + Math.random().toString().substring(2)  + \'.svg\');\n        document.body.appendChild(e);\n        setTimeout(function () {\n            document.body.removeChild(e)\n        }, 3000)\n    }, 3000);\n</script>\n</body>\n</html>\n'

Text Encodings

Websites store and transfer text using character encodings, which determine how characters are represented as bytes. Websites generally specify their encoding in the HTML Meta tags, or in HTTP headers.

html

<meta charset="UTF-8">

Unicode defines which characters exist and assigns them numbers. UTF-8 is one of several encoding schemes (including UTF-16 and UTF-32) that determine how those numbers are stored in a computer.

We use Beautiful Soup to represent the HTML as a nested data structure:

soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")
print(soup.prettify()[:500])

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="ltr" lang="en-gb">
 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8"/>
  <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
  <meta content="The School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey" name="description"/>
  <meta content="Joomla! - Open Source Content Management" name="generator"/>
  <title>
   Faculty
  </title>
  <link href="/media/templates/site/cassiopeia_sas/images/favicon.ico" rel="alternate icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon

soup.title

<title>Faculty</title>

soup.title.name

'title'

soup.title.string

'Faculty'

By inspecting the webpage with devtools in a browser, we see that the information is in nodes with CSS class newsinfo. We can access it using Beautiful Soup’s find_all method (more details on find_all here).

faculty_items = soup.find_all(class_="newsinfo")
faculty_items[0]

<div class="newsinfo"> <h2 class="newstitle"> <a aria-label="Read more about Pierre Bellec" class="hasTooltip" href="/people-pages/faculty/people/368-pierre-bellec" title="Pierre Bellec"> <span>Pierre Bellec</span> </a> </h2> <dl class="item_details before_text"><dt>Information</dt><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm"><span class="detail_data">Associate Professor</span></span></dd><dd class="newsextra"><span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5"><span class="detail_data"><a href="mailto:pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu">pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu</a></span></span></dd></dl> </div>

print(faculty_items[0].prettify())

<div class="newsinfo">
 <h2 class="newstitle">
  <a aria-label="Read more about Pierre Bellec" class="hasTooltip" href="/people-pages/faculty/people/368-pierre-bellec" title="Pierre Bellec">
   <span>
    Pierre Bellec
   </span>
  </a>
 </h2>
 <dl class="item_details before_text">
  <dt>
   Information
  </dt>
  <dd class="newsextra">
   <span class="detail detail_jfield_text detail_jfield_2 caps-gray-sm">
    <span class="detail_data">
     Associate Professor
    </span>
   </span>
  </dd>
  <dd class="newsextra">
   <span class="detail detail_jfield_url detail_jfield_5">
    <span class="detail_data">
     <a href="mailto:pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu">
      pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu
     </a>
    </span>
   </span>
  </dd>
 </dl>
</div>

We can see that the faculty name is in the first span. Note: .find gets only the first instance (unlike .find_all which gets all instances).

faculty_items[0].find("span")

<span>Pierre Bellec</span>

or to get the text of the node:

faculty_items[0].find("span").text

'Pierre Bellec'

The title is in a span tag with class detail_jfield_2:

faculty_items[0].find(class_="detail_jfield_2").text

'Associate Professor'

Finally, the email is given in a span tag with class detail_jfield_5:

faculty_items[0].find("span", class_="detail_jfield_5").text

'pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu'

Let’s turn this into a pandas DataFrame:

# create dictionary of data
data = []

for item in faculty_items: 
    data.append({'name': item.find("span").text,
                 'title': item.find("span", class_='detail_jfield_2').text,
                 'email': item.find("span", class_='detail_jfield_5').text})

# turn into pandas DataFrame
pd.DataFrame(data)

	name	title	email
0	Pierre Bellec	Associate Professor	pcb71@stat.rutgers.edu
1	Matteo Bonvini	Assistant Professor	mb1662@stat.rutgers.edu
2	Steve Buyske	Associate Professor; Co-Director of Undergradu...	buyske@stat.rutgers.edu
3	Javier Cabrera	Professor	cabrera@stat.rutgers.edu
4	Rong Chen	Distinguished Professor and Chair	rongchen@stat.rutgers.edu
5	Yaqing Chen	Assistant Professor	yqchen@stat.rutgers.edu
6	Harry Crane	Professor	hcrane@stat.rutgers.edu
7	Tirthankar DasGupta	Professor and Co-Graduate Director	tirthankar.dasgupta@rutgers.edu
8	Ruobin Gong	Associate Professor	ruobin.gong@rutgers.edu
9	Zijian Guo	Associate Professor	zijguo@stat.rutgers.edu
10	Qiyang Han	Associate Professor	qh85@stat.rutgers.edu
11	Donald R. Hoover	Professor	drhoover@stat.rutgers.edu
12	Ying Hung	Professor	yhung@stat.rutgers.edu
13	Koulik Khamaru	Assistant Professor	kk1241@stat.rutgers.edu
14	John Kolassa	Distinguished Professor	kolassa@stat.rutgers.edu
15	Regina Y. Liu	Distinguished Professor	rliu@stat.rutgers.edu
16	Gemma Moran	Assistant Professor	gm845@stat.rutgers.edu
17	Nicole Pashley	Assistant Professor	np755@stat.rutgers.edu
18	Harold B. Sackrowitz	Distinguished Professor and Undergraduate Dire...	sackrowi@stat.rutgers.edu
19	Michael L. Stein	Distinguished Professor	ms2870@stat.rutgers.edu
20	Zhiqiang Tan	Distinguished Professor	ztan@stat.rutgers.edu
21	David E. Tyler	Distinguished Professor	dtyler@stat.rutgers.edu
22	Guanyang Wang	Assistant Professor	guanyang.wang@rutgers.edu
23	Sijian Wang	Professor and Co-Director of FSRM and MSDS pro...	sijian.wang@stat.rutgers.edu
24	Han Xiao	Professor and Co-Graduate Director	hxiao@stat.rutgers.edu
25	Minge Xie	Distinguished Professor and Director, Office o...	mxie@stat.rutgers.edu
26	Min Xu	Assistant Professor	mx76@stat.rutgers.edu
27	Cun-Hui Zhang	Distinguished Professor and Co-Director of FSR...	czhang@stat.rutgers.edu
28	Linjun Zhang	Associate Professor	linjun.zhang@rutgers.edu

NOTE: In Lecture 4, we used pd.read_html to get tables from HTML. Often the data we want is not in a table, however, like the Rutgers website.

Selector Gadget

In the previous example, we went through the HTML to see what class we needed to use.

Fortunately, there are tools available to make this process easier.

SelectorGadget is an open-source tool that simplifies identifying the generating and finding of CSS selectors.

Installation

To install it, open this page in your browser, and then drag the link to your bookmark bar

Usage

Open the page you want to scrape
Click SelectorGadget in your bookmark bar
Click on the element you want to select
Unclick elements you don’t want selected
Copy CSS selectors

CSS Selectors

The CSS selectors that Selector Gadget gives you follow certain rules. Here is a short summary of some CSS selector rules (source).

Selector passed to the select() method	Will match . . .
`soup.select('div')`	All elements named `<div>`
`soup.select('#author')`	The element with an id attribute of author
`soup.select('.notice')`	All elements that use a CSS class attribute named notice
`soup.select('div span')`	All elements named `<span>` that are within an element named `<div>`
`soup.select('div > span')`	All elements named `<span>` that are directly within an element named `<div>`, with no other element in between
`soup.select('input[name]')`	All elements named `<input>` that have a name attribute with any value
`soup.select('input[type="button"]')`	All elements named `<input>` that have an attribute named type with value button

Here is a fun tutorial to practice CSS selector rules: CSS dinner.

Example: Rutgers MSDS Courses

For example, suppose we want to scrape the MSDS course website. We can use Selector Gadget to click on the items we are interested in. In the bottom right corner, Selector Gadget will display the HTML element or class we need.

In this case, the titles are the h2 element.

url = "https://msds-stat.rutgers.edu/msds-academics/msds-coursedesc"
response = requests.get(url)
response

<Response [200]>

soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")

The function soup.select runs a CSS selector against a parsed document and returns all the matching elements. We use soup.select() to extract the CSS selector h2.

elements = soup.select("h2")

elements[0]

<h2>
                                    16:198:512 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms (3)                            </h2>

To get rid of the extra space, we can use the .strip() string method (documentation here).

course = elements[0].text.strip()
course

'16:198:512 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms (3)'

Using string methods such as .split and .join, we can extract:

the course code
the number of credits

course.split(' ')

['16:198:512',
 'Introduction',
 'to',
 'Data',
 'Structures',
 'and',
 'Algorithms',
 '(3)']

code = course.split(' ')[0]
code

'16:198:512'

credit = course[-2:-1]
credit

'3'

name = course.split(' ')[1:-1]
name = (' ').join(name)
name

'Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms'

Going back to Selector Gadget, we can also see that the course descriptions are .item-content p.

descriptions = soup.select('.item-content p')

descriptions[0]

<p>An introduction for students in other degree programs on Data Structures and Algorithms. The course studies a variety of useful algorithms and analyzes their complexity; students will gain insight into principles and data structures useful in algorithm design. <a class="wf_file" href="/images/Home/syllabus/198_512.pdf">Syllabus.pdf</a></p>

descriptions[0].text

'An introduction for students in other degree programs on Data Structures and Algorithms. The course studies a variety of useful algorithms and analyzes their complexity; students will gain insight into principles and data structures useful in algorithm design.\xa0Syllabus.pdf'

We can see everything in the <a> tag has turned into the Unicode symbol \xa0 followed by the text.

descriptions[0].text.split('\xa0')[0]

'An introduction for students in other degree programs on Data Structures and Algorithms. The course studies a variety of useful algorithms and analyzes their complexity; students will gain insight into principles and data structures useful in algorithm design.'

descriptions = [i.text.split('\xa0')[0] for i in descriptions]

courses = [
    {'title': ' '.join(element.text.strip().split(' ')[1:-1]), 
     'course_number': element.text.strip().split(' ')[0], 
     'credits': element.text.strip()[-2:-1],
    }
    for element in elements
]

courses_df = pd.DataFrame(courses)
courses_df['description'] = descriptions
courses_df

	title	course_number	credits	description
0	Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms	16:198:512	3	An introduction for students in other degree p...
1	Linear Programming	16:198:521	3	This course introduces modeling concepts, theo...
2	Database Management Systems	16:198:539	3	Implementing components of relational database...
3	Advanced Database Management	16:198:541	3	This course focuses on advanced topics in Data...
4	Convex Optimization for Engineering Applications	16:332:509	3	The course develops the necessary theory, algo...
5	Statistical Learning for Data Science	16:954:534	3	Advanced statistical learning methods are esse...
6	Statistical Models and Computing	16:954:567	3	This course is about advanced statistical mode...
7	Advanced Analytics using Statistical Software	16:954:577	3	Modeling and analysis of data, usually very la...
8	Probability and Statistical Inference for Data...	16:954:581	3	The study of probabilistic and inferential too...
9	Regression and Time Series Analysis for Data S...	16:954:596	3	This course introduces regression methods, sta...
10	Data Wrangling and Husbandry	16:954:597	3	This course provides an introduction to the pr...
11	Advanced Simulation Methods	16:958:587	3	The emphasis of this course will be on Modern ...
12	Financial Data Mining	16:958:588	3	Databases and data warehousing, exploratory da...
13	Advanced Programming for Financial Statistics ...	16:958:589	3	This course covers the basic concepts of objec...

APIs

Many website have an application programming interface (API).

An API consists of programmatic instructions for how to interact with a piece of software.

APIs allow for website owners to control who has access to data, what data they can access, and how much of the data.

Aspect	Web scraping	APIs
Availability	Can extract data from any public website	Only websites with APIs
Access	Can be blocked by anti-bot systems	Restrictions based on usage or paid plan limitations
Data Format	Raw HTML	Often JSON/XML data
Speed	Slower for large-scale scraping	Faster as data directly available
Stability	Depends on website structure changes	Generally more stable
Technical setup	Custom per website	Usually straightforward
Legality	Need careful consideration	Clear terms and conditions

Table adapted from here.

Example: NASA API

This example is adapted from Data Science: A First Introduction with Python.

We will access NASA’s “Astronomy Picture of the Day”.

Go to NASA’s API page and generate an API key. NOTE: we are limited to 1000 requests per hour.
Save your API key in nasa_api.txt.
The NASA API is what is known as an HTTP API. This is a common kind of API where you can access data using a particular URL.

HTTP API

HTTP APIs consist of:

URL endpoint e.g. https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod
? which denotes that query parameters will follow
parameters of the form parameter=value, separated by &

Let’s get the data!

with open('nasa_api.txt', 'r') as file:
    API_KEY = file.read().strip()

date='2025-03-26'

nasa_url = 'https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod' +\
        '?' +\
        'api_key=' +\
        API_KEY +\
        '&' +\
        'date=' +\
        date

nasa_data_single = requests.get(nasa_url)

nasa_data_single.json()

{'copyright': '\nJuan Montilla \n(AAE)\n',
 'date': '2025-03-26',
 'explanation': "You'd think the Pacman Nebula would be eating stars, but actually it is forming them. Within the nebula, a cluster's young, massive stars are powering the pervasive nebular glow. The eye-catching shapes looming in the featured portrait of NGC 281 are sculpted dusty columns and dense Bok globules seen in silhouette, eroded by intense, energetic winds and radiation from the hot cluster stars. If they survive long enough, the dusty structures could also be sites of future star formation. Playfully called the Pacman Nebula because of its overall shape, NGC 281 is about 10,000 light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia. This sharp composite image was made through narrow-band filters in Spain in mid 2024. It combines emissions from the nebula's hydrogen and oxygen atoms to synthesize red, green, and blue colors. The scene spans well over 80 light-years at the estimated distance of NGC 281.",
 'hdurl': 'https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2503/Pacman_Montilla_1500.jpg',
 'media_type': 'image',
 'service_version': 'v1',
 'title': 'Star Formation in the Pacman Nebula',
 'url': 'https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2503/Pacman_Montilla_1080.jpg'}

from IPython.display import Image, display

image_url = nasa_data_single.json()['url']
display(Image(url=image_url, width=600))

We can also get multiple images by using both start_date and end_date, or using count.

nimg = 5

nasa_url = 'https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod' +\
        '?' +\
        'api_key=' +\
        API_KEY +\
        '&' +\
        'count=' +\
        str(nimg)

nasa_data = requests.get(nasa_url).json()

pd.DataFrame(nasa_data)

	date	explanation	hdurl	media_type	service_version	title	url
0	2006-01-21	In November of 1969, Apollo 12 astronaut-photo...	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0601/bean_con...	image	v1	Apollo 12: Self-Portrait	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0601/bean_con...
1	1996-08-04	A bird? A plane? No, but pictured here is some...	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ngc3393_hst_b...	image	v1	NGC 3393: A Super Spiral?	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ngc3393_hst.gif
2	1998-10-17	This cluster of stars, known as G1, is the bri...	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9810/m31gc1_h...	image	v1	A Giant Globular Cluster in M31	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9810/m31gc1_h...
3	2021-04-01	Have you ever seen a rocket launch -- from spa...	NaN	video	v1	Rocket Launch as Seen from the Space Station	https://www.youtube.com/embed/B1R3dTdcpSU?rel=0
4	2014-06-08	Jewels don't shine this bright -- only stars d...	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1406/ngc290_h...	image	v1	Open Cluster NGC 290: A Stellar Jewel Box	https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1406/ngc290_h...

Example: Rutgers Courses

The Rutgers course catalog, for a given subject, term, campus and level (e.g. graduate) are given on the website: https://classes.rutgers.edu/soc/#courses?subject=960&semester=12025&campus=NB&level=G

Inspecting the requests made from the webpage (soc_utils.js) reveals API requests of the form

https://classes.rutgers.edu/soc/api/courses.json?year=2024&term=9&campus=NB

Parameters:

term=
- 0: winter
- 1: spring
- 7: summer
- 9: fall

response = requests.get('https://classes.rutgers.edu/soc/api/courses.json?year=2025&term=9&campus=NB')
response

<Response [200]>

response.json()[0].keys()

dict_keys(['campusLocations', 'subject', 'openSections', 'synopsisUrl', 'title', 'preReqNotes', 'courseString', 'school', 'credits', 'subjectDescription', 'coreCodes', 'expandedTitle', 'courseFeeDescr', 'mainCampus', 'subjectNotes', 'courseNumber', 'creditsObject', 'level', 'campusCode', 'subjectGroupNotes', 'offeringUnitCode', 'offeringUnitTitle', 'courseDescription', 'sections', 'supplementCode', 'courseFee', 'unitNotes', 'courseNotes'])

## Parsing individual fields
response.json()[0]['mainCampus']

'NB'

response.json()[0]['sections'][0]['instructorsText']

'HABERL, CHARLES'

response.json()[0]['sections'][0]['meetingTimes'][0]['meetingDay']

'H'

response.json()[0]['sections'][0]['meetingTimes'][0]['startTime']

'0200'

response.json()[0]['sections'][0]['meetingTimes'][0]['endTime']

'0320'

response.json()[0]['level']

'U'

response.json()[0]['title']

'BIBLE IN ARAMAIC'

response.json()[0]['expandedTitle']

'THE BIBLE IN ARAMAIC                                                            '

## Constructing a pandas df

data = []
for course in response.json():
    for section in course['sections']:
        d = dict(title=course['expandedTitle'],
                 level=course['level'],
                 instructor=section['instructorsText'],
                 courseString=course['courseString'],
                 meeting1day=section['meetingTimes'][0]['meetingDay'],
                 meeting1startTime=section['meetingTimes'][0]['startTime'],
                 meeting1endTime=section['meetingTimes'][0]['endTime'],
                 course=course['courseNumber'],
                 subject=course['subject'],
                 school_code=course['school']['code'],
                 school=course['school']['description']
        )
        if len(section['meetingTimes']) >= 2:
            d['meeting2day'] = section['meetingTimes'][1]['meetingDay']
            d['meeting2startTime'] = section['meetingTimes'][1]['startTime']
            d['meeting2endTime'] = section['meetingTimes'][1]['endTime']
        data.append(d)

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

## Filtering using pandas
df.loc[df.subject == '954', :]

	title	level	instructor	courseString	meeting1day	meeting1startTime	meeting1endTime	course	subject	school_code	school	meeting2day	meeting2startTime	meeting2endTime
10150	STATISTICAL LEARNING FOR DATA SCIENCE ...	G		16:954:534	H	0600	0900	534	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10151	STATISTICAL LEARNING FOR DATA SCIENCE ...	G	MORAN, GEMMA	16:954:534	M	0350	0510	534	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	W	0350	0510
10152	ADVANCED ANALYTICS USING STATISTICAL SOFTWARE ...	G	JOHN, AJITA	16:954:577	W	0600	0900	577	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10153	PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE FOR DATA...	G	WANG, SIJIAN	16:954:581	M	0600	0900	581	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10154	PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE FOR DATA...	G	WANG, SIJIAN	16:954:581	M	0600	0900	581	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10155	REGRESSION AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR DATA S...	G	CHEN, YAQING	16:954:596	W	0830	1130	596	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10156	REGRESSION AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR DATA S...	G	HU, YIFAN	16:954:596	T	0600	0900	596	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10157	INDEPENDENT STUDIES IN THE APPLICATION OF DATA...	G		16:954:683				683	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10158	PRACTICAL TRAINING IN STATISTICS FOR DATA SCIE...	G		16:954:690				690	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN
10159	SPECIAL TOPICS IN DATA SCIENCE ...	G	ZHENG, JI	16:954:694	T	0600	0900	694	954	16	The School of Graduate Studies - New Brunswick	NaN	NaN	NaN

## Interactive dataframe (interaction possible in a quarto website)
from itables import show
show(df, maxBytes=0)

title	level	instructor	courseString	meeting1day	meeting1startTime	meeting1endTime	course	subject	school_code	school	meeting2day	meeting2startTime	meeting2endTime
Loading ITables v2.2.5 from the internet... (need help?)

Example: Rutgers Bus

Passio GO is a free customer facing app or web browser, offering route, stop, and more information to riders.

Rutgers uses Passio GO to track the school buses.

The Python package passiogo is an open source project to help get Passio GO data.

Install passiogo in your conda environment:

pip install passiogo

We first use the passiogo package to get Rutgers bus route and stop IDs.

import passiogo

system = passiogo.getSystemFromID(1268)

routes = system.getRoutes()

routes[0].__dict__

{'id': '22103',
 'groupId': None,
 'groupColor': None,
 'name': 'Camden',
 'shortName': 'Cam',
 'nameOrig': 'Camden',
 'fullname': 'Rutgers University',
 'myid': '41231',
 'mapApp': '1',
 'archive': '0',
 'goPrefixRouteName': '1',
 'goShowSchedule': 0,
 'outdated': '0',
 'distance': 670,
 'latitude': '39.952097000',
 'longitude': '-75.126481000',
 'serviceTime': None,
 'serviceTimeShort': None,
 'systemId': 1268,
 'system': <passiogo.TransportationSystem at 0x147bd6480>}

routes_list = []
for i in range(len(routes)):
    routes_list.append(routes[i].__dict__)

routes_df = pd.DataFrame(routes_list)
routes_df.head()

	id	groupId	groupColor	name	shortName	nameOrig	fullname	myid	mapApp	goPrefixRouteName	outdated	distance	latitude	longitude	serviceTime	serviceTimeShort	systemId	system
0	22103	None	None	Camden	Cam	Camden	Rutgers University	41231	1	1	0	670	39.952097000	-75.126481000	None	None	1268	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
1	10052	None	None	H Route	H	H Route	Rutgers University	55368	1	1	0	721	40.523795537	-74.458255043	None	None	1268	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
2	10060	None	None	C Route	C	C Route	Rutgers University	55366	1	1	0	721	40.514556942	-74.466148593	None	None	1268	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
3	10037	None	None	REXL Route	REXL	REXL Route	Rutgers University	54551	1	1	0	721	40.482986940	-74.437534636	None	None	1268	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
4	10035	None	None	WKND1 Weekend 1	WKND1	Weekend 1	Rutgers University	26435	1	1	1	721	40.503664735	-74.452402128	is not provided: no bus on the route	No bus in service	1268	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...

stops = system.getStops()

stops_list = []
for i in range(len(stops)):
    stops_list.append(stops[i].__dict__)

stops_df = pd.DataFrame(stops_list)
stops_df.head()

	id	routesAndPositions	systemId	name	latitude	longitude	radius	system
0	10098	{'4056': [0], '4098': [0]}	1268	Newark Penn Station	40.734819	-74.164721	50	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
1	10053	{'4056': [1], '4063': [4], '4088': [1], '4098'...	1268	Medical School	40.739617	-74.189267	50	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
2	10066	{'4056': [2], '4098': [2]}	1268	Hospital	40.741868	-74.191581	40	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
3	10057	{'4056': [3]}	1268	Bergen Bldg (back)	40.743466	-74.192475	40	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
4	10079	{'4056': [4]}	1268	Dental School	40.742285	-74.190294	40	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...

stops_df['latitude'] = pd.to_numeric(stops_df['latitude'])
stops_df['longitude'] = pd.to_numeric(stops_df['longitude'])

import plotly.express as px
px.scatter_map(stops_df, lat='latitude', lon='longitude')

hill_stops = stops_df[stops_df.name.str.lower().str.contains('hill')]
hill_stops

	id	routesAndPositions	systemId	name	latitude	longitude	radius	system
20	10034	{'26435': [3], '37199': [3], '46583': [3], '54...	1268	Hill Center (NB)	40.521919	-74.463298	50	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...
36	21050	{'26436': [15], '46584': [15], '54550': [5], '...	1268	Hill Center (SB)	40.521925	-74.463308	50	<passiogo.TransportationSystem object at 0x147...

ETAs

The API format for obtaining bus ETAs is:

https://passiogo.com/mapGetData.php?eta=3&deviceId={random.randint(10000000,99999999)}&stopIds={id}

(Note: the URL above is is from here).

stop_id = hill_stops['id'].iloc[1]

url = f'https://passiogo.com/mapGetData.php?eta=3&deviceId={np.random.randint(10000000,99999999)}&stopIds={stop_id}'

req = requests.get(url)

hill_etas = []
for bus in req.json()['ETAs']['21050']:
    hill_etas.append({'route': bus['theStop']['routeName'],
                 'eta': bus['eta']})

pd.DataFrame(hill_etas)

	route	eta
0	H Route	arrived
1	REXB Route	arriving
2	C Route	less than 1 min

Note: A developer named Piero Maddaleni has made Transitstatus, an open source project tracking transit using PassioGO data. Check it out here!

Example: Film permits in NYC

NYC (and many other cities!) has many public datasets. Let’s look at film permits in NYC.

If you click on “Actions” then “API”, you see:

NYC Open Data uses the Socrata Open Data API. The Socrata Open Data API allows you to programmatically access a wealth of open data resources from governments, non-profits, and NGOs around the world.

Here is the documentation specifically for the film permits data, which let’s us know what parameters are available.

json_url = 'https://data.cityofnewyork.us/resource/tg4x-b46p.json'

req = requests.get(json_url)
req

<Response [200]>

req.content[:300]

b'[{"eventid":"831933","eventtype":"Shooting Permit","startdatetime":"2025-01-24T07:00:00.000","enddatetime":"2025-01-24T21:00:00.000","enteredon":"2025-01-21T16:44:25.000","eventagency":"Mayor\'s Office of Media & Entertainment","parkingheld":"KINGSLAND AVENUE between GREENPOINT AVENUE and NORMAN AVEN'

req.json()[0]

{'eventid': '831933',
 'eventtype': 'Shooting Permit',
 'startdatetime': '2025-01-24T07:00:00.000',
 'enddatetime': '2025-01-24T21:00:00.000',
 'enteredon': '2025-01-21T16:44:25.000',
 'eventagency': "Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment",
 'parkingheld': 'KINGSLAND AVENUE between GREENPOINT AVENUE and NORMAN AVENUE,  MONITOR STREET between GREENPOINT AVENUE and NORMAN AVENUE,  MORGAN AVENUE between NASSAU AVENUE and DRIGGS AVENUE,  NASSAU AVENUE between SUTTON STREET and HAUSMAN STREET,  NASSAU AVENUE between HAUSMAN STREET and APOLLO STREET,  MORGAN AVENUE between NASSAU AVENUE and NORMAN AVENUE,  SUTTON STREET between NORMAN AVENUE and NASSAU AVENUE,  NASSAU AVENUE between SUTTON STREET and KINGSLAND AVENUE',
 'borough': 'Brooklyn',
 'communityboard_s': '1',
 'policeprecinct_s': '94',
 'category': 'Television',
 'subcategoryname': 'Episodic series',
 'country': 'United States of America',
 'zipcode_s': '11222'}

df = pd.DataFrame(req.json())
df.head()

	eventid	eventtype	startdatetime	enddatetime	enteredon	eventagency	parkingheld	borough	communityboard_s	policeprecinct_s	category	subcategoryname	country	zipcode_s
0	831933	Shooting Permit	2025-01-24T07:00:00.000	2025-01-24T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T16:44:25.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	KINGSLAND AVENUE between GREENPOINT AVENUE and...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11222
1	831853	Shooting Permit	2025-01-23T07:00:00.000	2025-01-23T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T12:02:30.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	BEDFORD AVENUE between NORTH 4 STREET and N...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11211, 11222, 11249
2	831842	Shooting Permit	2025-01-24T07:00:00.000	2025-01-24T23:00:00.000	2025-01-21T11:19:18.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	30 STREET between 47 AVENUE and HUNTERS POINT ...	Queens	2	108	Television	Cable-episodic	United States of America	11101
3	831840	Shooting Permit	2025-01-24T06:30:00.000	2025-01-24T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T11:10:17.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	CALYER STREET between DIAMOND STREET and JEWEL...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11222
4	831802	Shooting Permit	2025-01-22T07:00:00.000	2025-01-22T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T09:15:26.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	KINGLAND AVENUE between GREENPOINT AVENUE and ...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11222

We can also change the URL to filter the data:

url = 'https://data.cityofnewyork.us/resource/tg4x-b46p.json?borough=Manhattan'
req = requests.get(url)
pd.DataFrame(req.json()).head()

	eventid	eventtype	startdatetime	enddatetime	enteredon	eventagency	parkingheld	borough	communityboard_s	policeprecinct_s	category	subcategoryname	country	zipcode_s
0	753784	Theater Load in and Load Outs	2023-12-24T00:01:00.000	2023-12-31T23:59:00.000	2023-12-18T12:59:21.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	WEST 62 STREET between COLUMBUS AVENUE and A...	Manhattan	7	20	Theater	Theater	United States of America	10023
1	752706	Shooting Permit	2023-12-13T06:00:00.000	2023-12-13T20:00:00.000	2023-12-06T09:01:38.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	HUDSON STREET between MORTON STREET and BARROW...	Manhattan	1, 2, 3	5, 6, 7, 84, 90	Film	Feature	United States of America	10002, 10014, 10038, 11201, 11211
2	752753	Theater Load in and Load Outs	2023-12-12T01:00:00.000	2023-12-13T01:00:00.000	2023-12-06T14:10:53.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	WEST 16 STREET between 9 AVENUE and 10 AVENUE	Manhattan	4	10	Theater	Theater	United States of America	10011
3	752512	Shooting Permit	2023-12-12T07:00:00.000	2023-12-12T23:59:00.000	2023-12-04T15:01:57.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	ST NICHOLAS PLACE between WEST 155 STREET and...	Manhattan	10, 12, 9	30, 32, 33	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	10031, 10032, 10039
4	752438	Shooting Permit	2023-12-15T01:00:00.000	2023-12-15T11:00:00.000	2023-12-04T08:02:57.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	WEST 47 STREET between 6 AVENUE and 7 AVENUE	Manhattan	5	18	Television	News	United States of America	10036

For the Socrata Open Data API, we can also use “Socrata Query Language” to select our data.

For example, if we want to select more than the default 1000 rows, we can use $limit=2000.

url = 'https://data.cityofnewyork.us/resource/tg4x-b46p.json?$limit=2000'
req = requests.get(url)
film_df = pd.DataFrame(req.json())
film_df.shape

(2000, 14)

film_df.iloc[0:2, :]

	eventid	eventtype	startdatetime	enddatetime	enteredon	eventagency	parkingheld	borough	communityboard_s	policeprecinct_s	category	subcategoryname	country	zipcode_s
0	831933	Shooting Permit	2025-01-24T07:00:00.000	2025-01-24T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T16:44:25.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	KINGSLAND AVENUE between GREENPOINT AVENUE and...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11222
1	831853	Shooting Permit	2025-01-23T07:00:00.000	2025-01-23T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T12:02:30.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	BEDFORD AVENUE between NORTH 4 STREET and N...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11211, 11222, 11249

We can also use $offset to start data collection after a certain number of rows.

url = 'https://data.cityofnewyork.us/resource/tg4x-b46p.json?$limit=2000&$offset=1'
req = requests.get(url)
pd.DataFrame(req.json()).iloc[0:2, :]

	eventid	eventtype	startdatetime	enddatetime	enteredon	eventagency	parkingheld	borough	communityboard_s	policeprecinct_s	category	subcategoryname	country	zipcode_s
0	831853	Shooting Permit	2025-01-23T07:00:00.000	2025-01-23T21:00:00.000	2025-01-21T12:02:30.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	BEDFORD AVENUE between NORTH 4 STREET and N...	Brooklyn	1	94	Television	Episodic series	United States of America	11211, 11222, 11249
1	831842	Shooting Permit	2025-01-24T07:00:00.000	2025-01-24T23:00:00.000	2025-01-21T11:19:18.000	Mayor's Office of Media & Entertainment	30 STREET between 47 AVENUE and HUNTERS POINT ...	Queens	2	108	Television	Cable-episodic	United States of America	11101

We won’t do any further analysis of this data, but here is a great analysis of this dataset if you are interested!

Example: CDC COVID Cases

The CDC also uses the Socrata Open Data API.

Let’s look at these COVID cases data.

The API url is: https://data.cdc.gov/resource/n8mc-b4w4.json

From the documentation, we see there are a number of parameters. We consider:

res_state=NY
case_month=2021-09

url = 'https://data.cdc.gov/resource/n8mc-b4w4.json?res_state=NY&case_month=2021-09'
req = requests.get(url)
pd.DataFrame(req.json()).tail()

	case_month	res_state	state_fips_code	res_county	county_fips_code	age_group	sex	race	ethnicity	process	exposure_yn	current_status	symptom_status	hosp_yn	icu_yn	death_yn	case_onset_interval	case_positive_specimen	underlying_conditions_yn
995	2021-09	NY	36	CORTLAND	36023	18 to 49 years	Male	White	Non-Hispanic/Latino	Missing	Missing	Laboratory-confirmed case	Symptomatic	Missing	Missing	No	0.0	NaN	NaN
996	2021-09	NY	36	FRANKLIN	36033	18 to 49 years	Male	NA	NA	Missing	Missing	Laboratory-confirmed case	Missing	Missing	Missing	No	NaN	NaN	NaN
997	2021-09	NY	36	ALLEGANY	36003	65+ years	Female	White	Non-Hispanic/Latino	Missing	Missing	Laboratory-confirmed case	Symptomatic	No	Missing	No	0.0	NaN	NaN
998	2021-09	NY	36	TOMPKINS	36109	18 to 49 years	Male	NA	NA	Missing	Missing	Laboratory-confirmed case	Missing	Missing	Missing	No	NaN	NaN	NaN
999	2021-09	NY	36	WARREN	36113	50 to 64 years	Male	Unknown	Unknown	Missing	Missing	Laboratory-confirmed case	Symptomatic	Missing	Missing	No	0.0	NaN	NaN

Example: Open Movie Data Base

OMDB is a web service to obtain movie information. All content and images on the site are contributed and maintained by users.

Obtain an API key.
Save API key in `omdb_api.txt’
Specify URL:

with open('omdb_api.txt', 'r') as file:
    API_KEY = file.read().strip()

movie_id = 'tt3896198'

omdb_url = 'http://www.omdbapi.com/?' +\
            'apikey=' +\
            API_KEY +\
            '&' +\
            'i=' +\
            movie_id

omdb_data = requests.get(omdb_url)

omdb_data.json()

{'Title': 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2',
 'Year': '2017',
 'Rated': 'PG-13',
 'Released': '05 May 2017',
 'Runtime': '136 min',
 'Genre': 'Action, Adventure, Comedy',
 'Director': 'James Gunn',
 'Writer': 'James Gunn, Dan Abnett, Andy Lanning',
 'Actors': 'Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldaña, Dave Bautista',
 'Plot': "The Guardians struggle to keep together as a team while dealing with their personal family issues, notably Star-Lord's encounter with his father, the ambitious celestial being Ego.",
 'Language': 'English',
 'Country': 'United States',
 'Awards': 'Nominated for 1 Oscar. 15 wins & 60 nominations total',
 'Poster': 'https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BNWE5MGI3MDctMmU5Ni00YzI2LWEzMTQtZGIyZDA5MzQzNDBhXkEyXkFqcGc@._V1_SX300.jpg',
 'Ratings': [{'Source': 'Internet Movie Database', 'Value': '7.6/10'},
  {'Source': 'Rotten Tomatoes', 'Value': '85%'},
  {'Source': 'Metacritic', 'Value': '67/100'}],
 'Metascore': '67',
 'imdbRating': '7.6',
 'imdbVotes': '792,363',
 'imdbID': 'tt3896198',
 'Type': 'movie',
 'DVD': 'N/A',
 'BoxOffice': '$389,813,101',
 'Production': 'N/A',
 'Website': 'N/A',
 'Response': 'True'}

Example: Spoonacular

Spoonacular is a food and recipe API.

There are different URL formats for different tasks.

Obtaining Recipe Information

Documentation here.

URL format:

https://api.spoonacular.com/recipes/{recipe-id}/information?apiKey=YOUR-API-KEY
URL format with nutrition information:

https://api.spoonacular.com/recipes/{recipe-id}/information?apiKey=YOUR-API-KEY&includeNutrition=true

with open('spoon_api.txt', 'r') as file:
    API_KEY = file.read().strip()

recipe_id = str(716429)
spoon_url = 'https://api.spoonacular.com/recipes/' +\
            recipe_id +\
            '/information?' +\
            'apiKey=' +\
            API_KEY +\
            '&includeNutrition=true'

spoon_data = requests.get(spoon_url)

spoon_data.json().keys()

dict_keys(['id', 'image', 'imageType', 'title', 'readyInMinutes', 'servings', 'sourceUrl', 'vegetarian', 'vegan', 'glutenFree', 'dairyFree', 'veryHealthy', 'cheap', 'veryPopular', 'sustainable', 'lowFodmap', 'weightWatcherSmartPoints', 'gaps', 'preparationMinutes', 'cookingMinutes', 'aggregateLikes', 'healthScore', 'creditsText', 'license', 'sourceName', 'pricePerServing', 'extendedIngredients', 'nutrition', 'summary', 'cuisines', 'dishTypes', 'diets', 'occasions', 'instructions', 'analyzedInstructions', 'originalId', 'spoonacularScore', 'spoonacularSourceUrl'])

spoon_data.json()['nutrition']['nutrients'][0]

{'name': 'Calories',
 'amount': 543.36,
 'unit': 'kcal',
 'percentOfDailyNeeds': 27.17}

Search for Recipes

Documentation

We use the parameters:

cuisine=Mexican
intolerances=Dairy

spoon_url = 'https://api.spoonacular.com/recipes/complexSearch?' +\
            'apiKey=' +\
            API_KEY +\
            '&cuisine=Mexican' +\
            '&intolerances=Dairy'

spoon_data = requests.get(spoon_url)

spoon_data.json().keys()

dict_keys(['results', 'offset', 'number', 'totalResults'])

spoon_data.json()['results'][0]

{'id': 640062,
 'title': 'Corn Avocado Salsa',
 'image': 'https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/640062-312x231.jpg',
 'imageType': 'jpg'}

pd.DataFrame(spoon_data.json()['results'])

	id	title	image	imageType
0	640062	Corn Avocado Salsa	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/640062-312...	jpg
1	715543	Homemade Guacamole	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/715543-312...	jpg
2	715391	Slow Cooker Chicken Taco Soup	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/715391-312...	jpg
3	982382	Instant Pot Chicken Taco Soup	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/982382-312...	jpg
4	637157	Carolina Caviar - Black Bean Salsa	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/637157-312...	jpg
5	664501	Vegan Taco bowls with Cilantro Lime Cauliflowe...	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/664501-312...	jpg
6	645856	Grilled Salmon With Cherry, Pineapple, Mango S...	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/645856-312...	jpg
7	716290	Mango Salsa	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/716290-312...	jpg
8	638588	Chilled Avocado and Cucumber Soup With Prawn a...	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/638588-312...	jpg
9	643061	Flank Steak with Herbed Salsa	https://img.spoonacular.com/recipes/643061-312...	jpg

Wine recommendations

Documentation

We use the parameters:

wine=merlot
number=5

spoon_url = 'https://api.spoonacular.com/food/wine/recommendation?' +\
            'apiKey=' +\
            API_KEY +\
            '&wine=merlot' +\
            '&number=5'

spoon_wine = requests.get(spoon_url)

pd.DataFrame(spoon_wine.json()['recommendedWines'])

	id	title	description	price	imageUrl	averageRating	ratingCount	score	link
0	428396	Rolling Stones 50th Anniversary Forty Licks Me...	The 2012 Merlot captures the attitude of Mendo...	$16.99	https://img.spoonacular.com/products/428396-31...	0.96	7.0	0.9145	https://www.amazon.com/Rolling-Stones-Annivers...
1	431508	Madsen Family Cellars State Merlot Wine	This well-structured blend of Red Mountain and...	$22.0	https://img.spoonacular.com/products/431508-31...	1.00	3.0	0.9000	https://www.amazon.com/Madsen-Family-Cellars-W...
2	428495	Columbia Winery Merlot	The deep purple color of our Columbia Merlot a...	$22.65	https://img.spoonacular.com/products/428495-31...	1.00	3.0	0.9000	https://www.amazon.com/Columbia-Winery-Valley-...
3	435229	Chateau Ste. Michelle Indian Wells Vineyard Me...	Ripe and luscious black cherry and berry aroma...	$16.99	https://img.spoonacular.com/products/435229-31...	0.94	6.0	0.8874	https://click.linksynergy.com/deeplink?id=*QCi...
4	436263	Edna Valley Vineyard Merlot	Edna Valley Vineyard 2010 Merlot opens with ar...	$12.99	https://img.spoonacular.com/products/436263-31...	0.94	5.0	0.8775	https://click.linksynergy.com/deeplink?id=*QCi...

Example: Federal Reserve Economic Data

The St Louis Federal Reserve Bank has an API to access Federal Reserve Economic Data.

Searching for series

The API to search for available data series:

https://api.stlouisfed.org/fred/series/search

For example, we can get the id of economic series matching a search query - here we consider monetary+service+index, following the documentation.

with open('fed_api.txt', 'r') as file:
    API_KEY = file.read().strip()

url = f'https://api.stlouisfed.org/fred/series/search?search_text=monetary+service+index&api_key={API_KEY}&file_type=json'

req = requests.get(url)

req.json().keys()

dict_keys(['realtime_start', 'realtime_end', 'order_by', 'sort_order', 'count', 'offset', 'limit', 'seriess'])

pd.DataFrame(req.json()['seriess']).head()

	id	realtime_start	realtime_end	title	observation_start	observation_end	frequency	frequency_short	units	units_short	seasonal_adjustment	seasonal_adjustment_short	last_updated	popularity	group_popularity	notes
0	MSIM2	2025-04-24	2025-04-24	Monetary Services Index: M2 (preferred)	1967-01-01	2013-12-01	Monthly	M	Billions of Dollars	Bil. of $	Seasonally Adjusted	SA	2014-01-17 07:16:44-06	19	19	The MSI measure the flow of monetary services ...
1	MSIMZMP	2025-04-24	2025-04-24	Monetary Services Index: MZM (preferred)	1967-01-01	2013-12-01	Monthly	M	Billions of Dollars	Bil. of $	Seasonally Adjusted	SA	2014-01-17 07:16:42-06	14	14	The MSI measure the flow of monetary services ...
2	MSIALLP	2025-04-24	2025-04-24	Monetary Services Index: ALL Assets (preferred)	1967-01-01	2013-12-01	Monthly	M	Billions of Dollars	Bil. of $	Seasonally Adjusted	SA	2014-01-17 07:16:45-06	10	10	The MSI measure the flow of monetary services ...
3	OCM2P	2025-04-24	2025-04-24	Real User Cost Index of MSI-M2 (preferred)	1967-01-01	2013-12-01	Monthly	M	Percent	%	Not Seasonally Adjusted	NSA	2014-01-17 07:16:41-06	6	6	Preferred benchmark rate equals 100 basis poin...
4	MSIMZMA	2025-04-24	2025-04-24	Monetary Services Index: MZM (alternative)	1967-01-01	2013-12-01	Monthly	M	Billions of Dollars	Bil. of $	Seasonally Adjusted	SA	2014-01-17 07:16:43-06	4	4	The MSI measure the flow of monetary services ...

Obtaining observations

Once we have a series id, we can use it to obtain the actual observations.

For this we use the API:

https://api.stlouisfed.org/fred/series/observations

Here is the documentation with parameter details.

Let’s get the SP500 data using series_id=SP500

url_sp500 = f'https://api.stlouisfed.org/fred/series/observations?series_id=SP500&api_key={API_KEY}&file_type=json'
req = requests.get(url_sp500)

keys = list(req.json().keys())
keys

['realtime_start',
 'realtime_end',
 'observation_start',
 'observation_end',
 'units',
 'output_type',
 'file_type',
 'order_by',
 'sort_order',
 'count',
 'offset',
 'limit',
 'observations']

pd.DataFrame(req.json()['observations']).head()

	realtime_start	realtime_end	date	value
0	2025-04-23	2025-04-23	2015-04-24	2117.69
1	2025-04-23	2025-04-23	2015-04-27	2108.92
2	2025-04-23	2025-04-23	2015-04-28	2114.76
3	2025-04-23	2025-04-23	2015-04-29	2106.85
4	2025-04-23	2025-04-23	2015-04-30	2085.51

Example: World Bank API

The World Bank provides an API to retrieve up-to-date economic and health indicators from countries worldwide.

An excel spreadsheet of all indicators is given here.

Retrieving the population indicator

url_json_population = 'http://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json'
req = requests.get(url_json_population)

req.json()[1][0]

{'indicator': {'id': 'SP.POP.TOTL', 'value': 'Population, total'},
 'country': {'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Southern'},
 'countryiso3code': 'AFE',
 'date': '2024',
 'value': None,
 'unit': '',
 'obs_status': '',
 'decimal': 0}

pd.DataFrame(req.json()[1]).head(3)

	indicator	country	countryiso3code	date	value
0	{'id': 'SP.POP.TOTL', 'value': 'Population, to...	{'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Sout...	AFE	2024	NaN
1	{'id': 'SP.POP.TOTL', 'value': 'Population, to...	{'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Sout...	AFE	2023	750503764.0
2	{'id': 'SP.POP.TOTL', 'value': 'Population, to...	{'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Sout...	AFE	2022	731821393.0

Retrieving infant deaths indicator

url_json_infant_deaths = 'http://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.DTH.IMRT?format=json'
req2 = requests.get(url_json_infant_deaths)

pd.DataFrame(req2.json()[1]).head(3)

	indicator	country	countryiso3code	date	value
0	{'id': 'SH.DTH.IMRT', 'value': 'Number of infa...	{'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Sout...	AFE	2024	NaN
1	{'id': 'SH.DTH.IMRT', 'value': 'Number of infa...	{'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Sout...	AFE	2023	924427.0
2	{'id': 'SH.DTH.IMRT', 'value': 'Number of infa...	{'id': 'ZH', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Sout...	AFE	2022	953019.0

Package `wbgapi`

The wbgapi python package (pip install wbgapi) provides an easy access to data from the World Bank, without needing to perform the HTTP requests ourselves.

Website

import wbgapi as wb

Let’s see what kind of information we have available.

for i, indicator in enumerate(wb.economy.list()):
    print(indicator)
    if i > 5: break

{'id': 'ABW', 'value': 'Aruba', 'aggregate': False, 'longitude': -70.0167, 'latitude': 12.5167, 'region': 'LCN', 'adminregion': '', 'lendingType': 'LNX', 'incomeLevel': 'HIC', 'capitalCity': 'Oranjestad'}
{'id': 'AFE', 'value': 'Africa Eastern and Southern', 'aggregate': True, 'longitude': None, 'latitude': None, 'region': '', 'adminregion': '', 'lendingType': '', 'incomeLevel': '', 'capitalCity': ''}
{'id': 'AFG', 'value': 'Afghanistan', 'aggregate': False, 'longitude': 69.1761, 'latitude': 34.5228, 'region': 'SAS', 'adminregion': 'SAS', 'lendingType': 'IDX', 'incomeLevel': 'LIC', 'capitalCity': 'Kabul'}
{'id': 'AFW', 'value': 'Africa Western and Central', 'aggregate': True, 'longitude': None, 'latitude': None, 'region': '', 'adminregion': '', 'lendingType': '', 'incomeLevel': '', 'capitalCity': ''}
{'id': 'AGO', 'value': 'Angola', 'aggregate': False, 'longitude': 13.242, 'latitude': -8.81155, 'region': 'SSF', 'adminregion': 'SSA', 'lendingType': 'IBD', 'incomeLevel': 'LMC', 'capitalCity': 'Luanda'}
{'id': 'ALB', 'value': 'Albania', 'aggregate': False, 'longitude': 19.8172, 'latitude': 41.3317, 'region': 'ECS', 'adminregion': 'ECA', 'lendingType': 'IBD', 'incomeLevel': 'UMC', 'capitalCity': 'Tirane'}
{'id': 'AND', 'value': 'Andorra', 'aggregate': False, 'longitude': 1.5218, 'latitude': 42.5075, 'region': 'ECS', 'adminregion': '', 'lendingType': 'LNX', 'incomeLevel': 'HIC', 'capitalCity': 'Andorra la Vella'}

wb.economy.DataFrame().head()

	name	aggregate	longitude	latitude	region	adminregion	lendingType	incomeLevel	capitalCity
id
ABW	Aruba	False	-70.0167	12.51670	LCN		LNX	HIC	Oranjestad
AFE	Africa Eastern and Southern	True	NaN	NaN
AFG	Afghanistan	False	69.1761	34.52280	SAS	SAS	IDX	LIC	Kabul
AFW	Africa Western and Central	True	NaN	NaN
AGO	Angola	False	13.2420	-8.81155	SSF	SSA	IBD	LMC	Luanda

for i, indicator in enumerate(wb.region.list()):
    print(indicator)
    if i > 5: break

{'id': '', 'code': 'AFE', 'iso2code': 'ZH', 'name': 'Africa Eastern and Southern'}
{'id': '', 'code': 'AFR', 'iso2code': 'A9', 'name': 'Africa'}
{'id': '', 'code': 'AFW', 'iso2code': 'ZI', 'name': 'Africa Western and Central'}
{'id': '', 'code': 'ARB', 'iso2code': '1A', 'name': 'Arab World'}
{'id': '', 'code': 'CAA', 'iso2code': 'C9', 'name': 'Sub-Saharan Africa (IFC classification)'}
{'id': '', 'code': 'CEA', 'iso2code': 'C4', 'name': 'East Asia and the Pacific (IFC classification)'}
{'id': '', 'code': 'CEB', 'iso2code': 'B8', 'name': 'Central Europe and the Baltics'}

for i, indicator in enumerate(wb.series.list()):
    print(indicator)
    if i > 5: break

{'id': 'AG.CON.FERT.PT.ZS', 'value': 'Fertilizer consumption (% of fertilizer production)'}
{'id': 'AG.CON.FERT.ZS', 'value': 'Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)'}
{'id': 'AG.LND.AGRI.K2', 'value': 'Agricultural land (sq. km)'}
{'id': 'AG.LND.AGRI.ZS', 'value': 'Agricultural land (% of land area)'}
{'id': 'AG.LND.ARBL.HA', 'value': 'Arable land (hectares)'}
{'id': 'AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC', 'value': 'Arable land (hectares per person)'}
{'id': 'AG.LND.ARBL.ZS', 'value': 'Arable land (% of land area)'}

wb.series.info(['SH.DTH.IMRT', 'NY.GDP.PCAP.CD'])

id	value
NY.GDP.PCAP.CD	GDP per capita (current US$)
SH.DTH.IMRT	Number of infant deaths
	2 elements

wb.economy.info(['CAN', 'MEX', 'SEN', 'IND'])     # Countries in North America

id	value	region	incomeLevel
CAN	Canada	NAC	HIC
IND	India	SAS	LMC
MEX	Mexico	LCN	UMC
SEN	Senegal	SSF	LMC
	4 elements

Retrieving specific indicators:

# population for African countries, every other year
df_population = wb.data.DataFrame('SP.POP.TOTL',
                  wb.region.members('AFR'),
                  range(2010, 2020))
df_population.head()

	YR2010	YR2011	YR2012	YR2013	YR2014	YR2015	YR2016	YR2017	YR2018	YR2019
economy
AGO	23294825.0	24218352.0	25177394.0	26165620.0	27160769.0	28157798.0	29183070.0	30234839.0	31297155.0	32375632.0
BDI	9376444.0	9717978.0	10071028.0	10439341.0	10799785.0	11047580.0	11239451.0	11506762.0	11859446.0	12255336.0
BEN	9797484.0	10093623.0	10397657.0	10708834.0	11030004.0	11360681.0	11697842.0	12039780.0	12383347.0	12726755.0
BFA	16176498.0	16661908.0	17172287.0	17695409.0	18229461.0	18777487.0	19334856.0	19894407.0	20438288.0	20961952.0
BWA	2033111.0	2073535.0	2108617.0	2140682.0	2172044.0	2203273.0	2234776.0	2266747.0	2299141.0	2332083.0

Example: arXiv preprint API

The arXiv is a document submission and retrieval system that is heavily used by the physics, mathematics, statistics and computer science communities. It has become the primary means of communicating cutting-edge manuscripts on current and ongoing research. The open-access arXiv e-print repository is available worldwide, and presents no entry barriers to readers. Manuscripts are often submitted to the arXiv before they are published by more traditional means.

API call

The arXiv API calls are made via an HTTP GET or POST requests to an appropriate url. For example, the url

http://export.arxiv.org/api/query?search_query=all:LLM

retrieves results that match the search query all:LLM.

API data format

Results from the API call are in the Atom 1.0 format.

Atom 1.0 is an xml-based format that is commonly used in website syndication feeds. It is lightweight, and human readable, and results can be cleanly read in many web browsers. For detailed information on Atom, you can read the official Atom 1.0 specification.

Here is a brief, single-entry Atom Feed Document:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">

    <title>Example Feed</title>
    <link href="http://example.org/"/>
    <updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated>
    <author>
    <name>John Doe</name>
    </author>
    <id>urn:uuid:60a76c80-d399-11d9-b93C-0003939e0af6</id>

    <entry>
    <title>Atom-Powered Robots Run Amok</title>
    <link href="http://example.org/2003/12/13/atom03"/>
    <id>urn:uuid:1225c695-cfb8-4ebb-aaaa-80da344efa6a</id>
    <updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated>
    <summary>Some text.</summary>
    </entry>

</feed>

The default is to return 10 results. We can change this using the parameter max_results.

xml_url = 'https://export.arxiv.org/api/query?search_query=all:large+language+model&max_results=1000'
req = requests.get(xml_url)

req.content[0:500]

b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">\n  <link href="http://arxiv.org/api/query?search_query%3Dall%3Alarge%20language%20model%26id_list%3D%26start%3D0%26max_results%3D1000" rel="self" type="application/atom+xml"/>\n  <title type="html">ArXiv Query: search_query=all:large language model&amp;id_list=&amp;start=0&amp;max_results=1000</title>\n  <id>http://arxiv.org/api/61VIJItbdgya5OJr9pBClmPV2AU</id>\n  <updated>2025-04-24T00:00:00-04:00</updated>\n  <opensea'

Let’s “pretty print” this xml file.

from lxml import etree

# Parse the XML content
parser = etree.XMLParser(remove_blank_text=True)
root = etree.fromstring(req.content, parser)

# Pretty print everything (commented out for website display)
# print(etree.tostring(root, pretty_print=True, encoding='utf-8').decode('utf-8'))

# Pretty print the first 9 children
for i in range(8):
    child = root[i]
    print(etree.tostring(child, pretty_print=True, encoding='utf-8').decode('utf-8'))

<link xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" href="http://arxiv.org/api/query?search_query%3Dall%3Alarge%20language%20model%26id_list%3D%26start%3D0%26max_results%3D1000" rel="self" type="application/atom+xml"/>

<title xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" type="html">ArXiv Query: search_query=all:large language model&amp;id_list=&amp;start=0&amp;max_results=1000</title>

<id xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">http://arxiv.org/api/61VIJItbdgya5OJr9pBClmPV2AU</id>

<updated xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">2025-04-24T00:00:00-04:00</updated>

<opensearch:totalResults xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">1255177</opensearch:totalResults>

<opensearch:startIndex xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">0</opensearch:startIndex>

<opensearch:itemsPerPage xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">1000</opensearch:itemsPerPage>

<entry xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <id>http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07377v1</id>
  <updated>2023-06-12T19:10:47Z</updated>
  <published>2023-06-12T19:10:47Z</published>
  <title>Lost in Translation: Large Language Models in Non-English Content
  Analysis</title>
  <summary>  In recent years, large language models (e.g., Open AI's GPT-4, Meta's LLaMa,
Google's PaLM) have become the dominant approach for building AI systems to
analyze and generate language online. However, the automated systems that
increasingly mediate our interactions online -- such as chatbots, content
moderation systems, and search engines -- are primarily designed for and work
far more effectively in English than in the world's other 7,000 languages.
Recently, researchers and technology companies have attempted to extend the
capabilities of large language models into languages other than English by
building what are called multilingual language models.
  In this paper, we explain how these multilingual language models work and
explore their capabilities and limits. Part I provides a simple technical
explanation of how large language models work, why there is a gap in available
data between English and other languages, and how multilingual language models
attempt to bridge that gap. Part II accounts for the challenges of doing
content analysis with large language models in general and multilingual
language models in particular. Part III offers recommendations for companies,
researchers, and policymakers to keep in mind when considering researching,
developing and deploying large and multilingual language models.
</summary>
  <author>
    <name>Gabriel Nicholas</name>
  </author>
  <author>
    <name>Aliya Bhatia</name>
  </author>
  <arxiv:comment xmlns:arxiv="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom">50 pages, 4 figures</arxiv:comment>
  <link href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07377v1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
  <link title="pdf" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.07377v1" rel="related" type="application/pdf"/>
  <arxiv:primary_category xmlns:arxiv="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom" term="cs.CL" scheme="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom"/>
  <category term="cs.CL" scheme="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom"/>
  <category term="cs.AI" scheme="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom"/>
</entry>

Another option to move forward is to use the xmltodict package that translates an XML string into a Python dictionary for futher processing.

First, install in your conda environment:

pip install xmltodict

In Python:

import xmltodict

dictionary = xmltodict.parse(req.content)
dictionary.keys()

dict_keys(['feed'])

dictionary['feed'].keys()

dict_keys(['@xmlns', 'link', 'title', 'id', 'updated', 'opensearch:totalResults', 'opensearch:startIndex', 'opensearch:itemsPerPage', 'entry'])

dictionary['feed']['entry'][0]

{'id': 'http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07377v1',
 'updated': '2023-06-12T19:10:47Z',
 'published': '2023-06-12T19:10:47Z',
 'title': 'Lost in Translation: Large Language Models in Non-English Content\n  Analysis',
 'summary': "In recent years, large language models (e.g., Open AI's GPT-4, Meta's LLaMa,\nGoogle's PaLM) have become the dominant approach for building AI systems to\nanalyze and generate language online. However, the automated systems that\nincreasingly mediate our interactions online -- such as chatbots, content\nmoderation systems, and search engines -- are primarily designed for and work\nfar more effectively in English than in the world's other 7,000 languages.\nRecently, researchers and technology companies have attempted to extend the\ncapabilities of large language models into languages other than English by\nbuilding what are called multilingual language models.\n  In this paper, we explain how these multilingual language models work and\nexplore their capabilities and limits. Part I provides a simple technical\nexplanation of how large language models work, why there is a gap in available\ndata between English and other languages, and how multilingual language models\nattempt to bridge that gap. Part II accounts for the challenges of doing\ncontent analysis with large language models in general and multilingual\nlanguage models in particular. Part III offers recommendations for companies,\nresearchers, and policymakers to keep in mind when considering researching,\ndeveloping and deploying large and multilingual language models.",
 'author': [{'name': 'Gabriel Nicholas'}, {'name': 'Aliya Bhatia'}],
 'arxiv:comment': {'@xmlns:arxiv': 'http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom',
  '#text': '50 pages, 4 figures'},
 'link': [{'@href': 'http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07377v1',
   '@rel': 'alternate',
   '@type': 'text/html'},
  {'@title': 'pdf',
   '@href': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.07377v1',
   '@rel': 'related',
   '@type': 'application/pdf'}],
 'arxiv:primary_category': {'@xmlns:arxiv': 'http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom',
  '@term': 'cs.CL',
  '@scheme': 'http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom'},
 'category': [{'@term': 'cs.CL', '@scheme': 'http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom'},
  {'@term': 'cs.AI', '@scheme': 'http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom'}]}

pd.DataFrame([
    {'url': entry['id'], 'title': entry['title'], 'date': entry['published']}
    for entry in dictionary['feed']['entry']
]).head()

	url	title	date
0	http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07377v1	Lost in Translation: Large Language Models in ...	2023-06-12T19:10:47Z
1	http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03371v1	Cedille: A large autoregressive French languag...	2022-02-07T17:40:43Z
2	http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.06530v1	How Good are Commercial Large Language Models ...	2023-05-11T02:29:53Z
3	http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441v1	Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 ...	2024-08-19T22:31:21Z
4	http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.09579v1	Modelling Language	2024-04-15T08:40:01Z

Geo Coding

API providers

Radar (among many others) provides a free API to encode an address or a location string into precise geolocation information such as latitude/longitude pairs, or vice versa.

Forward geocode

Forward geocode takes an address and returns address data such as latitude, longitude and more.

Documentation

Note: the authentication level is Publishable so the appropriate API key is “Test Publishable” API key.

with open('radar_api_tp.txt') as file:
    API_KEY = file.read().strip()

api_url = 'https://api.radar.io/v1/geocode/forward?query=20+jay+st+brooklyn+ny'
headers = {'Authorization': API_KEY} 

req = requests.get(api_url, headers=headers)
req

<Response [200]>

req.content

b'{"meta":{"code":200},"addresses":[{"addressLabel":"20 Jay St","number":"20","street":"Jay St","city":"Brooklyn","state":"New York","stateCode":"NY","postalCode":"11201","county":"Kings","countryCode":"US","formattedAddress":"20 Jay St, Brooklyn, NY 11201 US","layer":"address","latitude":40.7040913980001,"longitude":-73.986693719,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-73.986693719,40.7040913980001]},"distance":19716.122920923655,"confidence":"exact","country":"United States","countryFlag":"\xf0\x9f\x87\xba\xf0\x9f\x87\xb8","timeZone":{"id":"America/New_York","name":"Eastern Daylight Time","code":"EDT","currentTime":"2025-04-24T16:03:15-04:00","utcOffset":-14400,"dstOffset":3600}}]}'

req.json()

{'meta': {'code': 200},
 'addresses': [{'addressLabel': '20 Jay St',
   'number': '20',
   'street': 'Jay St',
   'city': 'Brooklyn',
   'state': 'New York',
   'stateCode': 'NY',
   'postalCode': '11201',
   'county': 'Kings',
   'countryCode': 'US',
   'formattedAddress': '20 Jay St, Brooklyn, NY 11201 US',
   'layer': 'address',
   'latitude': 40.7040913980001,
   'longitude': -73.986693719,
   'geometry': {'type': 'Point',
    'coordinates': [-73.986693719, 40.7040913980001]},
   'distance': 19716.122920923655,
   'confidence': 'exact',
   'country': 'United States',
   'countryFlag': '🇺🇸',
   'timeZone': {'id': 'America/New_York',
    'name': 'Eastern Daylight Time',
    'code': 'EDT',
    'currentTime': '2025-04-24T16:03:15-04:00',
    'utcOffset': -14400,
    'dstOffset': 3600}}]}

req.json()['addresses'][0]['latitude']

40.7040913980001

req.json()['addresses'][0]['longitude']

-73.986693719

Reverse geocode

Reverse geocode takes a latitude and longitude and returns an address.

Documentation

api_url = 'https://api.radar.io/v1/geocode/reverse?coordinates=40.70390,-73.98670'
headers = {'Authorization': API_KEY} 

req = requests.get(api_url, headers=headers)
req

<Response [200]>

req.json()

{'meta': {'code': 200},
 'addresses': [{'addressLabel': '26 Jay St',
   'number': '26',
   'street': 'Jay St',
   'city': 'Brooklyn',
   'state': 'New York',
   'stateCode': 'NY',
   'postalCode': '11201',
   'county': 'Kings',
   'countryCode': 'US',
   'formattedAddress': '26 Jay St, Brooklyn, NY 11201 US',
   'layer': 'address',
   'latitude': 40.704045045,
   'longitude': -73.986709935,
   'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [-73.986709935, 40.704045045]},
   'distance': 16.15506679691174,
   'country': 'United States',
   'countryFlag': '🇺🇸',
   'timeZone': {'id': 'America/New_York',
    'name': 'Eastern Daylight Time',
    'code': 'EDT',
    'currentTime': '2025-04-24T16:03:15-04:00',
    'utcOffset': -14400,
    'dstOffset': 3600}}]}

`geopy` package

geopy is a Python package (website) that provides a unified access to many geocoding API providers, as well as a wrapper to geocode addresses without explicitly managing HTTP requests.

Install in your conda environment:

pip install geopy

Most geocoding API providers require an account and/or an API key to associate the API calls to a particular account. Nominatim is a provider that provides a few API calls for free.

from geopy.geocoders import Nominatim
geolocator = Nominatim(user_agent="professor_data_science_project")
location = geolocator.geocode("175 5th Avenue NYC")
location

Location(Flatiron Building, 175, 5th Avenue, Flatiron District, Manhattan Community Board 5, Manhattan, New York County, City of New York, New York, 10010, United States, (40.7410592, -73.9896416, 0.0))

import seaborn as sns
penguins = sns.load_dataset('penguins')
penguins.island.unique()

array(['Torgersen', 'Biscoe', 'Dream'], dtype=object)

geo_information =[
    geolocator.geocode(island + ' island')
    for island in penguins.island.unique()
]
geo_information

[Location(Torgersen Island, (-64.7727428, -64.0746078, 0.0)),
 Location(Biscoe Islands, (-65.8925785, -66.440456, 0.0)),
 Location(Dream Island, Hunterston, Shire of Wellington, Victoria, 3971, Australia, (-38.658886, 146.8513696, 0.0))]

geo_information[0]

Location(Torgersen Island, (-64.7727428, -64.0746078, 0.0))

geo_information[0].latitude

-64.7727428

geo_information[0].longitude

-64.0746078

geo_information[0]

Location(Torgersen Island, (-64.7727428, -64.0746078, 0.0))

island_list = []
for island in geo_information:
    address = island.address.split(',')[0]
    island_list.append(dict(address=address,
                            latitude=island.latitude,
                            longitude=island.longitude))

island_df = pd.DataFrame(island_list)

px.scatter_geo(island_df, lat='latitude', lon='longitude')

Resources

Here are some other potentially useful APIs:

Overview

References

Introduction

What is web scraping?

What are we scraping?

Attributes

Are we allowed to scrape?

How do we scrape?

Example: Rutgers Statistics Faculty

Selector Gadget

Installation

Usage

CSS Selectors

Example: Rutgers MSDS Courses

APIs

Example: NASA API

HTTP API

Example: Rutgers Courses

Example: Rutgers Bus

ETAs

Example: Film permits in NYC

Example: CDC COVID Cases

Example: Open Movie Data Base

Example: Spoonacular

Obtaining Recipe Information

Search for Recipes

Wine recommendations

Example: Federal Reserve Economic Data

Searching for series

Obtaining observations

Example: World Bank API

Package wbgapi

Example: arXiv preprint API

API call

API data format

Geo Coding

API providers

Forward geocode

Reverse geocode

geopy package

Resources

Package `wbgapi`

`geopy` package